Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners

Rubin, G. James; Brewin, Chris R.; Greenberg, Neil; Simpson, John C.; Wessely, Simon

doi:10.1136/bmj.38583.728484.3a

Cited by 267 publications

(142 citation statements)

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“…Although they were only a very small subgroup in our study, this finding is in line with other studies after terrorist attacks (Rubin et al, 2005; Schuster et al, 2001; Stein et al, 2004). Studies in Israel showed that populations associated with the offenders do not suffer less than the populations that are the explicit target of terrorists (Bleich et al, 2003; Cohen & Eid, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…It is however remarkable that violence ‘in the name of religion’ affects religious people the most. An alternative explanation might be that these people felt more vulnerable because of their limited income or because of threat from the terrorist attacks and from being mistakenly affiliated with its origin (Rubin et al, 2005). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some categories of people such as women (Bleich et al, 2003; Schuster et al, 2001; Stein et al, 2004), ethnic minorities (Schuster et al, 2001; Stein et al, 2004), people of lower socioeconomic status (Rubin, Brewin, Greenberg, Simpson, & Wessely, 2005), children and people already suffering from chronic disease or pre-existing psychiatric disorders (Schuster et al, 2001) proved to be more vulnerable. A meta-analysis showed that PTSD due to terrorist attacks was more prevalent in Western Europe than in North America (DiMaggio & Galea, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Deschepper

Six

Gidron

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: The wave of terrorist attacks over the past years in Europe and other regions may cause problems such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. Some studies suggest that perceived threat might also trigger physical health problems.Objective: To investigate the association between feeling threatened and subjective health during the week following a terrorist attack.Method: Online survey with a self-selected sample in the Belgian population one week after the terrorist attacks in 2016. Participants were invited through the Belgian media to fill in a questionnaire in Dutch, French or English on a website. The main outcomes were the association between ‘feeling threatened’ and subjective health problems. Perceived threat was measured with the question ‘During the week after the attacks … Did you feel threatened?’ Subjective health was measured by using standardized scales (ACSA, PHQ-4, PHQ-15).Results: A total of 2620 respondents completed the questionnaire, of whom 69.8% were female, 27.7% lived and 43.1% worked in Brussels. Gender, age, place of living and working, media exposure, religiousness and religious affiliation were associated significantly with higher perceived threat. A total of 21% of the respondents felt much or very much threatened during the week after the attacks. They reported significantly higher levels of mental and physical health problems. The most frequently reported problems were anxiety and depressive symptoms. The health problems that differentiated most markedly between those with low and high levels of perceived threat were fainting spells, chest pain and shortness of breath.Conclusion: In a self-selected sample of respondents, ‘feeling threatened’ was strongly associated with lower level of wellbeing and higher levels of mental and physical health problems. The most prevalent health problems were mental health problems but the most pronounced differences between people with low versus high levels of perceived threat were physical health problems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Deschepper

Six

Gidron

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Substantial stress level (SL). To compare our data with those from previous studies (Matt & Vazquez, 2006;Rubin et al, 2005;Schuster et al, 2001;Stein et al, 2004), SL was defined as a response of 4 or 5 to one or more than five PCL-C items.…”

Section: Post-traumatic Symptoms (Criteria B C and D Dsm-iv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions Following the March 11, 2004 Terrorist Attacks in a Madrid Community Sample: A Cautionary Note about the Measurement of Psychological Trauma

2006

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Posttraumatic stress reactions related to the Madrid March 11, 2004, terrorist attacks were examined in a sample of Madrid residents (N = 503) 18-25 days after the attacks, using multiple diagnostic criteria and different cut-off scores. Based on the symptoms covered by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993), rates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ranged from 3.4% to 13.3%. Taking into account additional criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 200; i.e., the impact of initial reaction and problems in daily functioning as a consequence of the traumatic event), only 1.9% of respondents reported probable PTSD. These results suggest that inferences about the impact of traumatic events on the general population are strongly influenced by the definition of traumatic response. Our findings also revealed that the magnitude of posttraumatic reactions is associated with several risk factors, including living close to the attacked locations, physical proximity to the attacks when they occurred, perception of one's life being at risk, intensity of initial emotional reactions, and being a daily user of the attacked train lines. The use of different cut-off scores did not affect the pattern of risk to develop traumatic stress. The implications of these results for public health policies related to terrorist attacks are discussed. Keywords: Post traumatic stress disorder, trauma, PTSD, acute stress disorder, risk factors, September 11, terrorism Se examinaron reacciones de estrés postraumático, empleando múltiples criterios diagnósticos y puntos de corte, en una muestra de la población de Madrid (N = 503), 18-25 días después de los ataques terroristas de Madrid del 11 de marzo de 2004. En función del punto de corte seleccionado, los porcentajes de probable trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) basado en el Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993) fluctuaban entre el 3,4% y el 13,3%. Al añadir a los síntomas de TEPT otros criterios del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de Trastornos Mentales (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) requeridos para su diagnóstico (p. ej., el impacto de la reacción inicial y problemas en el funcionamiento cotidiano como consecuencia del evento traumático), sólo el 1,9% presentaba un probable TEPT. Estos resultados demuestran que las inferencias acerca del impacto de eventos traumáticos en la población general pueden depender en gran parte de la definición y medida de la respuesta traumática. Nuestros resultados también revelaron que, aunque la magnitud de las reacciones postraumáticas se relacionaba con varios factores de riesgo (vivir cerca de los lugares atacados, proximidad física a los ataques cuando ocurrieron, percepción de amenaza para la propia vida, intensidad de las reacciones emocionales iniciales, y ser un usuario diario de las líneas de trenes atacadas), el uso de diferent...

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“…113 In sum: the process of vicarious retribution is clearly visible after the Al Qaeda attacks and has had real effects for the Muslim population of Western countries. …”

Section: Vicarious Retributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Al Qaeda and Vicarious Victims: Victimological Insights into Globalized Terrorism

Pemberton

2010

Studies in Global Justice

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The reactions of indirect, so-called vicarious victims to Al Qaeda's mass victimization attacks in Western countries play an important, maybe even pivotal role in her strategy of provocation and means of organization. This is the central argument of this chapter. The organization has tried and succeeded to provoke both governments in the West, but its inhabitants as well. The success of this provocation is related to angry reactions of vicarious victims and the process of vicarious retribution Muslims living in Western countries have suffered as a consequence. In turn this has contributed to Al Qaeda's capability to maintain a global presence, without the necessity of direct, but thereby fragile links, with all those working under its banner.

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Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners

Abstract: Objectives To assess the impact of the bombings in London on 7 July on stress levels and travel intentions in London's population.

Cited by 267 publications

References 12 publications

Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions Following the March 11, 2004 Terrorist Attacks in a Madrid Community Sample: A Cautionary Note about the Measurement of Psychological Trauma

Al Qaeda and Vicarious Victims: Victimological Insights into Globalized Terrorism

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