Psychogenic spasmodic dysphonia: A case study with expert opinions

Thyroplasty for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia: Further Experiences

“…However, discrepancy of SD diagnosis among experts still exists, as reported by Sapir. 19 Although the details have been described in the previous paper, 8 the authors' diagnostic criteria basically conformed to Aronson's line. Patients whose diagnosis is not definite have to wait at least 1 year to examine the indication for surgical treatment, being followed up under conservative treatment.…”

Overall Evaluation of Effectiveness of Type II Thyroplasty for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

“…The diagnostic criteria of AdSD are not always clear and may vary with different specialists. 17 No objective numerical measures represent the overall picture of SD. Furthermore, SD is generally heterogeneous across patients.…”

Muscle Tension Dysphonia in Vietnamese Female Teachers

“…Sapir 7 suggests that psychogenic dysphonia should be suspected when three criteria are satisfied: symptom incongruity (ie, the dysphonia is physiologically incongruent with the existing disease, internally inconsistent, and incongruent with other speech and language findings); symptom reversibility (ie, the voice completely returns to normal state with short-term voice therapy or psychotherapy); and symptom psychogenicity (ie, the dysphonia occurs in logical linkage at the time of onset, course, and severity to an identifiable psychological stimulus). 7 The second is laryngeal focal dystonia, that is, adductor spasmodic dysphonia, which is characterized by action-induced, task-specific hyperadduction of the vocal folds. 1 Various techniques have been suggested to differentiate this neurogenic condition from MTD, for example, acoustic voice analyses.…”