Abstract:Mucosal papillomas are relatively common lesions in several species of captive neotropical parrots. They cause considerable morbidity and in some cases, result in mortality. Previous efforts to identify papillomavirus DNA and proteins in these lesions have been largely unsuccessful. In contrast, increasing evidence suggests that mucosal papillomas may contain psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs). In this study, 41 papillomas from 30 neotropical parrots were examined by PCR with PsHV-specific primers. All 41 papillo… Show more
“…These genotypes show distinct biological characteristics and the potential to cause PD [102]. On the other hand, PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3, but not 4 have been found in mucosal papillomas [96]. The genotypes detected in PD-affected birds are biased according to bird species and their geographic origins.…”
Section: ]mentioning
confidence: 97%
“…PsHV-1 has also been suggested to have an etiological role in the development of tumors, as specific PsHV-1 genome sequences have been repeatedly detected in mucosal papillomas from parrots [39,64,96]. Recently, another type of psittacid herpesvirus, PsHV-2, has been identified in three African grey parrots.…”
Section: Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (Circovirus Infection)mentioning
ABSTRACT. To date, several DNA viral infections have been reported in psittacine birds. Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is characterized by symmetric feather dystrophy and loss and development of beak deformities. PBFD is caused by beak and feather virus, which belongs to the Circoviridae, and is the most important infection in psittacine birds worldwide. Avian polyomavirus infection causes acute death, abdominal distention, and feather abnormalities. Pacheco's disease (PD), which is caused by psittacid herpesvirus type 1, is an acute lethal disease without a prodrome. Psittacine adenovirus infections are described as having a clinical progression similar to PD. The clinical changes in psittacine poxvirus-infected birds include serious ocular discharge, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis, followed by the appearance of ulcerations on the medial canthi of the eyes. Internal papillomatosis of parrots (IPP) is a tumor disease characterized by progressive development of papillomas in the oral and cloacal mucosa. IPP has been suggested to caused by papillomavirus or herpesvirus. However, information about these diseases is limited. Here we review the etiology, clinical features, pathology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of these DNA viruses.KEY WORDS: DNA virus, psittacine bird, review.
“…These genotypes show distinct biological characteristics and the potential to cause PD [102]. On the other hand, PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3, but not 4 have been found in mucosal papillomas [96]. The genotypes detected in PD-affected birds are biased according to bird species and their geographic origins.…”
Section: ]mentioning
confidence: 97%
“…PsHV-1 has also been suggested to have an etiological role in the development of tumors, as specific PsHV-1 genome sequences have been repeatedly detected in mucosal papillomas from parrots [39,64,96]. Recently, another type of psittacid herpesvirus, PsHV-2, has been identified in three African grey parrots.…”
Section: Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (Circovirus Infection)mentioning
ABSTRACT. To date, several DNA viral infections have been reported in psittacine birds. Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is characterized by symmetric feather dystrophy and loss and development of beak deformities. PBFD is caused by beak and feather virus, which belongs to the Circoviridae, and is the most important infection in psittacine birds worldwide. Avian polyomavirus infection causes acute death, abdominal distention, and feather abnormalities. Pacheco's disease (PD), which is caused by psittacid herpesvirus type 1, is an acute lethal disease without a prodrome. Psittacine adenovirus infections are described as having a clinical progression similar to PD. The clinical changes in psittacine poxvirus-infected birds include serious ocular discharge, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis, followed by the appearance of ulcerations on the medial canthi of the eyes. Internal papillomatosis of parrots (IPP) is a tumor disease characterized by progressive development of papillomas in the oral and cloacal mucosa. IPP has been suggested to caused by papillomavirus or herpesvirus. However, information about these diseases is limited. Here we review the etiology, clinical features, pathology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of these DNA viruses.KEY WORDS: DNA virus, psittacine bird, review.
“…8 Some of the parrots latently infected with PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3 will subsequently develop PsHV-1 DNA containing papillomas of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. 11 It is assumed that all parrots latently infected with PsHV-1 shed virus at low levels or shed virus intermittently and are a potential source for infection of naïve parrots and a potential source of Pacheco outbreaks or the spread of mucosal papillomas. 2 Two potential means of preventing PsHV-1 infections include the use of immunization or, alternately, testing for and isolation of infected parrots.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies in parrots with mucosal papillomas suggest that potential sites for PsHV-1 latency are the mucosa of the oral cavity and the cloaca and analyzing samples of these tissues might be a way to detect latently infected parrots. 11 This hypothesis was tested in a preliminary study that used a PCR assay to examine combined oral and cloacal swabs from parrots believed to be latently infected with PsHV-1. In that study, a population of parrots was found that were positive on multiple samples over a period of 12 months.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Virus was detected in a cutaneous papilloma from one parrot, a mucosal papilloma in another, and the healthy cloacal mucosa of the third. 11 The overall approach to controlling Pacheco disease in an aviary will also depend on the prevalence of infection in populations of parrots and the species that are found to be infected. For example, a serologic survey of aviary parrots in Europe found 6 of 7 aviaries to have positive birds with an overall seroprevalence of 37.3%.…”
Abstract. Psittacid herpesvirus-1 (PsHV-1) is the cause of an acute fatal disease in parrots and is implicated as the cause of papillomatous lesions of the digestive tract. Not all infections cause disease and some parrots are infected asymptomatically. Latently infected parrots are potential sources for virus dissemination. Tissues from parrots that died spontaneously with a history of coming from flocks where a PsHV-1 outbreak had occurred were examined for PsHV-1 DNA. Fourteen of 16 parrots examined were infected with at least 1 variant of PsHV-1; of these 13 (93%) had viral DNA in either or both the oral and cloacal mucosa, suggesting that most latently infected parrots could be detected by sampling these sites. Nine of 9 parrots shown to be infected 5 years prior to this study were positive again on repeat sampling and were infected with the same virus genotype. Opportunistic sampling of parrots submitted for diagnostic necropsy indicated that the prevalence of PsHV-1 in parrots in the sampled population was approximately 9.3%. PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3 were found in these birds, but genotype 4 was not. Six necropsy specimens were found to be infected with two PsHV-1 genotypes and it was concluded that infection with one serotype did not protect against infection with another. Psittacid herpesvirus 2 (PsHV-2) was identified in 4 African grey parrots and a blue and gold macaw. Prior to this study PsHV-2 had only been found in African grey parrots.
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