Abstract:Type I and III Interferons (IFNs) are the initial antiviral cytokines produced in response to virus infection. These IFNs in turn bind to their respective receptors, trigger JAK-STAT signaling and induce the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to engage antiviral functions. Unlike the receptor for type I IFNs, which is broadly expressed, the expression of the type III IFN receptor is mainly confined to epithelial cells that line mucosal surfaces. Accumulating evidence has shown that type III IFNs may pla… Show more
“…Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the etiological agent of pseudorabies (PR), belonging to the Herpesviridae family, primarily affects pigs and can occasionally be transmitted to cattle, goats, sheep, cats, and dogs [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The PRV virus is a double-stranded DNA virus approximately 143 kb in size, consisting of unique long (UL), internal repeat short (IRS), unique short (US), and a terminal repeat short (TRS) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. There is a minimum of 70 open reading frames (ORFs) in the genome encoding 70–100 viral proteins, including virulence-related proteins and replicase, as well as many proteins that are not essential for PRV replication [ 9 , 10 ].…”
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogen of pseudorabies (PR), which belongs to the alpha herpesvirus subfamily with a double stranded DNA genome encoding approximately 70 proteins. PRV has many non-essential regions for replication, has a strong capacity to accommodate foreign genes, and more areas for genetic modification. PRV is an ideal vaccine vector, and multivalent live virus-vectored vaccines can be developed using the gene-deleted PRV. The immune system continues to be stimulated by the gene-deleted PRVs and maintain a long immunity lasting more than 4 months. Here, we provide a brief overview of the biology of PRV, recombinant PRV construction methodology, the technology platform for efficiently constructing recombinant PRV, and the applications of recombinant PRV in vaccine development. This review summarizes the latest information on PRV usage in vaccine development against swine infectious diseases, and it offers novel perspectives for advancing preventive medicine through vaccinology.
“…Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the etiological agent of pseudorabies (PR), belonging to the Herpesviridae family, primarily affects pigs and can occasionally be transmitted to cattle, goats, sheep, cats, and dogs [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The PRV virus is a double-stranded DNA virus approximately 143 kb in size, consisting of unique long (UL), internal repeat short (IRS), unique short (US), and a terminal repeat short (TRS) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. There is a minimum of 70 open reading frames (ORFs) in the genome encoding 70–100 viral proteins, including virulence-related proteins and replicase, as well as many proteins that are not essential for PRV replication [ 9 , 10 ].…”
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogen of pseudorabies (PR), which belongs to the alpha herpesvirus subfamily with a double stranded DNA genome encoding approximately 70 proteins. PRV has many non-essential regions for replication, has a strong capacity to accommodate foreign genes, and more areas for genetic modification. PRV is an ideal vaccine vector, and multivalent live virus-vectored vaccines can be developed using the gene-deleted PRV. The immune system continues to be stimulated by the gene-deleted PRVs and maintain a long immunity lasting more than 4 months. Here, we provide a brief overview of the biology of PRV, recombinant PRV construction methodology, the technology platform for efficiently constructing recombinant PRV, and the applications of recombinant PRV in vaccine development. This review summarizes the latest information on PRV usage in vaccine development against swine infectious diseases, and it offers novel perspectives for advancing preventive medicine through vaccinology.
The respiratory mucosa serves as a primary entry point for numerous pathogenic microbes, and the respiratory mucosa secretes type I and III interferons (IFNs), the first generation of antiviral cytokines, in response to viral infection. The pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes serious illnesses in many domestic and wild animal species, particularly in pigs and cattle. However, more information is needed about the immunosuppressive properties and evolutionary history of emerging PRV field strains in China’s respiratory system. The PRV field strain JS2022, which was obtained from a cow farm for this investigation, is a spontaneous recombination of early PRV variant strains in the Jiangsu region and is similar to the PRV variations recovered in China in terms of its entire genome sequence. According to sequence analysis, JS2022 has a spontaneous deletion of 1,212 bp in the gE gene, 502 bp in the gI gene, and 192 bp in the glycoprotein (g) C gene. Pathogenicity analysis revealed that intranasal JS2022 causes severe neurological symptoms in calves, but this effect is different from that of ZJ01. In addition, a considerable number of viral antigens in the nasal mucosa were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Therefore, we constructed a bovine nasal mucosal explant model that maintained good cell morphology and activity even after 5 days. In bovine nasal mucosal explants, JS2022 and ZJ01 can cause infection, and the viral load increases dramatically over time. Quantitative research revealed that 24 hr after infection, JS2022 dramatically reduced the expression of downstream interferon‐stimulated genes and the innate immune factors IFN‐β and IFN‐λ3 and bovine nasal mucosal explants. Overall, our results highlight the significance of PRV surveillance in cattle and offer a resource for learning more about the clinical traits and development of PRV.
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