Pruritic Skin Disease and Summer Air Conditioning

Chernosky, Marvin E.

doi:10.1001/jama.1962.03050130009003

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Now termed winter xerosis, the condition is known to be aggravated by the presence of hot, dry air associated with modern central heating. A similar condition has been observed during the summer months in areas with a hot, humid climate where residents spend most of their time in cool, air‐conditioned surroundings [19].…”

Section: What Is Dry Skin?supporting

confidence: 70%

The management of dry skin with topical emollients – recent perspectives

Proksch

Lachapelle

2005

J Deutsche Derma Gesell

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Dry skin (xerosis) is a common symptom of a number of chronic skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, but can also be caused by environmental factors, such as cold weather and frequent showering. The condition can cause unsightliness of the skin, discomfort, itching, and can have a negative impact on patients' quality of life. This article will cover recent developments in the understanding of xerosis and its management with emollients. The stratum corneum consists of corneocytes and lipid-enriched intercellular bilayers. These are both produced from keratinocytes in a process called epidermal differentiation. Disturbed epidermal differentiation, resulting in the impairment of stratum corneum intercellular lipid bilayers and natural moisturizing factor, is the root cause of xerosis. The constituent ingredients of emollients should, therefore, address the different factors that contribute to dry skin and, most importantly, attempt to restore epidermal differentiation. The use of lipids, physiological lipids, humectants and antipruritics will help to restore the lipid lamellae, improve skin hydration, skin elasticity and prevent itching. The ideal emollient will include these ingredients plus an agent to support epidermal differentiation. Selecting the correct emollient product and using it regularly are vital factors in the management of xerosis.

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Section: What Is Dry Skin?supporting

confidence: 70%

The management of dry skin with topical emollients – recent perspectives

Proksch

Lachapelle

2005

J Deutsche Derma Gesell

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“…Eczema typically exhibits a seasonal variation, so ambient temperature is assumed to play an important role in eczema incidence. It was also reported that humidity might be correlated with eczematous eruptions [25,26,27]. However, the associations between environmental temperature, humidity, and eczema incidence have thus far barely been assessed in a direct way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Air Pollution, Meteorological Factors and Outpatient Visits for Eczema in Shanghai, China: A Time-Series Analysis

Yang

Chen

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Environmental irritants are important risk factors for skin diseases, but little is known about the influence of environmental factors on eczema incidence. In this time-series study, our objective was to examine the associations of environmental factors with outpatient visits for eczema. Daily outpatient visits between 2007 and 2011 (1826 days) were collected from Huashan Hospital in Shanghai, China. We used an overdispersed generalized additive model to investigate the short-term association between environmental factors and outpatient visits for eczema. Daily outpatient visits for eczema were significantly associated with air pollution and meteorological factors. For example, a 10 µg/m 3 increase of 7-day (lag 06) average concentrations of PM 10 (particulate matter no greater than 10 microns), SO 2 , NO 2 was associated with 0.81% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.39%, 1.22%), 2.22% (95% CI: 1.27%, 3.16%) and 2.31% (95% CI: 1.17%, 3.45%) increase in outpatient visits for eczema, respectively. A 10 • C elevation of temperature on lag 0 day were associated with 8.44% (95% CI: 4.66%, 12.22%) increase in eczema visits, whereas 10 unit decrease of 7-day average relative humidity were associated with 10.86% (95% CI: 8.83%, 12.89%) increase in eczema visits. This study provided clear evidence of ambient air pollution, high temperature and low relative humidity on increasing the incidence of eczema in Shanghai, China.

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“…Several classic case reports and series correlated low humidity with eczematous eruptions (Chernosky, 1962; Gaul and Underwood, 1952; Rycroft and Smith, 1980). In a questionnaire series of 21 dermatologists in 19 countries by Rajka (Rajka, 1986), AD was thought to be related to cold/dry and hot/humid weather.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic Factors Are Associated with Childhood Eczema Prevalence in the United States

Silverberg

Hanifin

Simpson

2013

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

246

180

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Atopic dermatitis (AD, atopic eczema) is driven by a complex relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. We sought to determine the impact of specific climatic factors on the US prevalence of AD. We used a merged analysis of the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health from a representative sample of 91,642 children age 0–17 years and the 2006–2007 National Climate Data Center and Weather Service measurements of relative humidity (%), indoor heating degree days (HDD), clear sky UV indices ozone levels, and outdoor air temperature. As a proxy for AD, we used an affirmative response to the NSCH survey question asking whether the participant’s child has been given a doctor diagnosis of “eczema or any other kind of skin allergy” in the previous 12 months. In multivariate models controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age and household income, eczema prevalence was significantly lower with highest-quartile mean annual relative humidity (logistic regression, adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=0.82 [0.71–0.96], P=0.01) and issued UV index (0.73 [0.64–0.84], P<0.0001), and with two other factors associated with increased UV exposure. Eczema prevalence was decreased with highest-quartile air temperature (0.80 [0.70–0.92], P=0.002), but increased with 3rd–quartile mean annual HDD (1.26 [1.11–1.43], P=0.0003). This study provides evidence of climate influences on the US prevalence of childhood eczema.

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Pruritic Skin Disease and Summer Air Conditioning

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

The management of dry skin with topical emollients – recent perspectives

The management of dry skin with topical emollients – recent perspectives

Ambient Air Pollution, Meteorological Factors and Outpatient Visits for Eczema in Shanghai, China: A Time-Series Analysis

Climatic Factors Are Associated with Childhood Eczema Prevalence in the United States

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