Purpose. We question the commonly assumed view of a fixed causal ordering between self-control, delinquency, and sanctions and test the hypothesis that experiencing sanctions may reduce levels of self-control, thereby increasing the risk of future delinquent behaviour. As a subsidiary goal, we argue for a parsimonious view of selfcontrol that is limited to its key components, risk-taking, and impulsivity.Methods. We use three waves of data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood into Adulthood (z-proso), an ongoing prospective longitudinal study of Swiss urban youth (N = 1,197), and include police contacts and school sanctions as predictors of delinquency. We test our hypothesis using path analysis and control for a series of potential confounders, including prior levels of self-control and earlier delinquency.Results. In line with our hypothesis, the results indicate that sanctioning reduces levels of self-control, net of prior levels of self-control, and earlier delinquency and that selfcontrol mediates the relation between sanctioning and subsequent delinquency.Conclusions. We conclude that the relation between self-control and crime may be birather than unidirectional with sanctions reducing levels of self-control, which in turn contributes to criminal behaviour. Implications for theory are discussed.Short-sightedness, or the lack of consideration of delayed consequences, pervades thinking about crime and criminal justice. It is reflected by several dispositions related to crime, including its most established individual-level correlate, self-control (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), and is also implied in the principal theory of punishment, deterrence. Both self-control and deterrence theory are premised on the belief that crime results from a failure to consider its costs, which tend to be delayed compared with its benefits (Nagin & Pogarsky, 2004). Whereas self-control theory views this failure as a relatively stable individual propensity, deterrence theory assumes that punishment can motivate offenders to abstain from crime. Both perspectives dictate a fixed causal ordering ofThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.