Proteomic and phenotypic profiling of the amphibian pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> shows that genotype is linked to virulence

Fisher, Matthew C.; Bosch, Jaime; Yin, Zhikang; Stead, David; Walker, Janet L.; Selway, Laura; Brown, Alistair J. P.; Walker, Larry P.; Gow, Neil A. R.; Stajich, Jason E.; Garner, Trenton W. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04041.x

Cited by 144 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…For instance, Bd is pervasive throughout North America (Olson et al., 2013; Ouellet et al., 2005), yet related declines have only been noted in the western United States (Muths, Corn, Pessier, & Green, 2003). Isolates from different locations vary genetically (Fisher et al., 2009), which may result in differences in host responses (Berger, Marantelli, Skerratt, & Speare, 2005; Farrer et al., 2011; Retallick & Miera, 2007). Potentially, the impacts of Bd on hosts could vary by location with more virulent strains associated with areas experiencing declines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus

Burrow

Rumschlag

Boone

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Understanding factors that influence host–pathogen interactions is key to predicting outbreaks in natural systems experiencing environmental change. Many amphibian population declines have been attributed to an amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While this fungus is widespread, not all Bd‐positive populations have been associated with declines, which could be attributed to differences in pathogen virulence or host susceptibility. In a laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of Bd isolate origin, two from areas with Bd‐associated amphibian population declines (El Copé, Panama, and California, USA) and two from areas without Bd‐related population declines (Ohio and Maine, USA), on the terrestrial growth and survival of American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) metamorphs reared in larval environments with low or high intraspecific density. We predicted that (1) Bd isolates from areas experiencing declines would have greater negative effects than Bd isolates from areas without declines, and (2) across all isolates, growth and survival of smaller toads from high‐density larval conditions would be reduced by Bd exposure compared to larger toads from low‐density larval conditions. Our results showed that terrestrial survival was reduced for smaller toads exposed to Bd with variation in the response to different isolates, suggesting that smaller size increased susceptibility to Bd. Toads exposed to Bd gained less mass, which varied by isolate. Bd isolates from areas with population declines, however, did not have more negative effects than isolates from areas without recorded declines. Most strikingly, our study supports that host condition, measured by size, can be indicative of the negative effects of Bd exposure. Further, Bd isolates’ impact may vary in ways not predictable from place of origin or occurrence of disease‐related population declines. This research suggests that amphibian populations outside of areas experiencing Bd‐associated declines could be impacted by this pathogen and that the size of individuals could influence the magnitude of Bd's impact.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus

Burrow

Rumschlag

Boone

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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“…This observation, however, was based on only five African isolates collected from two sites in the South African Cape, compared with 29 US isolates collected from multiple sites across the United States. The genetically depauperate nature of African Bd has been further challenged by the discovery of isolates of African descent exhibiting pronounced differences in morphology and virulence (5,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage

Farrer

Weinert

Bielby

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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381

508

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) is a globally ubiquitous fungal infection that has emerged to become a primary driver of amphibian biodiversity loss. Despite widespread effort to understand the emergence of this panzootic, the origins of the infection, its patterns of global spread, and principle mode of evolution remain largely unknown. Using comparative population genomics, we discovered three deeply diverged lineages of Bd associated with amphibians. Two of these lineages were found in multiple continents and are associated with known introductions by the amphibian trade. We found that isolates belonging to one clade, the global panzootic lineage ( Bd GPL) have emerged across at least five continents during the 20th century and are associated with the onset of epizootics in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Australia, and Europe. The two newly identified divergent lineages, Cape lineage ( Bd CAPE) and Swiss lineage ( Bd CH), were found to differ in morphological traits when compared against one another and Bd GPL, and we show that Bd GPL is hypervirulent. Bd GPL uniquely bears the hallmarks of genomic recombination, manifested as extensive intergenomic phylogenetic conflict and patchily distributed heterozygosity. We postulate that contact between previously genetically isolated allopatric populations of Bd may have allowed recombination to occur, resulting in the generation, spread, and invasion of the hypervirulent Bd GPL leading to contemporary disease-driven losses in amphibian biodiversity.

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“…Isolate records were gathered from personal lists (L. Berger, James Cook University; A. Hyatt, CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratories; J. Longcore, University of Maine) and peer-reviewed papers (Morehouse et al 2003, Berger et al 2005, Morgan et al 2007, Rosenblum et al 2008, Symonds et al 2008, Fisher et al 2009, James et al 2009). The database is comprised of information for 257 isolates, which probably represent a subset of all existing isolates (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laboratory experiments suggest that Bd virulence differs among isolates when introduced to a single susceptible amphibian species (Berger et al 2005, Retallick & Miera 2007. In addition, phenotypic differences among isolates in proteomic signatures, morphological characteristics, and zoospore production (Fisher et al 2009) could be associated with differences in virulence, although the mol-ecular basis for any differences in isolate virulence has not yet been identified. There seems to be relatively low genetic variability among isolates collected from globally widespread sources (Morehouse et al 2003, James et al 2009), but a recent study reported differential virulence among Bd strains that were either endemic to Japanese native amphibians or associated with introduced species (Goka et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: requirement for further isolate collection and archiving

Voyles¹,

Richards-Hrdlicka²,

Cashins³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes the disease chytridiomycosis, which is lethal to many species of amphibians worldwide. Many studies have investigated the epidemiology of chytridiomycosis in amphibian populations, but few have considered possible host -pathogen coevolution. More specifically, investigations focused on the evolution of Bd, and the link with Bd virulence, are needed. Such studies, which may be important for conservation management of amphibians, depend on access to Bd isolates. Here we provide a summary of known Bd isolates that have been collected and archived in various locations around the world. Of 257 Bd isolates, we found that 53% originate from ranids in the United States. In many cases, detailed information on isolate origin is unavailable, and it is unknown how many isolates are cryo-archived. We suggest the creation of a centralized database of isolate information, and we urge researchers and managers to isolate and archive Bd to facilitate future research on chytridiomycosis.

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Proteomic and phenotypic profiling of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis shows that genotype is linked to virulence

Cited by 144 publications

References 51 publications

Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus

Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus

Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: requirement for further isolate collection and archiving

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