Longleaf pine savannas historically supported abundant ground cover maintained by frequent fire but little other disturbance. Ground cover creates microclimates with lower temperatures, higher humidity, and increased soil moisture that may benefit wildlife, particularly small vertebrates such as amphibians. Today, most historical pine savannas have had extensive soil disturbance and altered fire regimes resulting in reduced ground cover and altered soil fauna communities including predatory invertebrates. We used a factorial terrestrial cage study to test the effects of native wiregrass (Aristida spp.) cover and the exclusion of a native predatory ant (Dorymyrmex smithi) on the survival of post‐metamorphic Ornate chorus frogs (Pseudacris ornata) and Gopher frogs (Rana capito). Although we were unable to achieve full ant exclusion, ant reduction in exclusion treatments and plant cover had an interactive effect on metamorph survival. Ant exclusion tended to increase Gopher frog survival and this effect was more pronounced when wiregrass was present. Within ant treatments, survival of Gopher frogs increased slightly with increasing wiregrass cover. Ornate chorus frogs had a high probability of survival (>95%) in all ant exclusion treatments regardless of wiregrass cover; however, in treatments without ant exclusion, survival increased with increasing wiregrass cover. Our results demonstrate that high abundances of a native ant species and low coverage of native wiregrass, which are legacies of historical soil disturbance and altered fire regimes, interact to elevate mortality of juvenile amphibians. Minimizing soil disturbance and restoring native ground cover are likely important for amphibian habitat management within historical southeastern pine savannas.

The popularity of ecology and historic trends toward larger class sizes have led to an increasing reliance on lecture and content‐driven learning; over‐reliance on these methods is associated with student difficulties in applying knowledge to solve complex environmental problems. Active learning is often cited as a remedy for poor student outcomes. Problem‐based learning, an active‐learning model, emphasizes student‐centered learning through problem‐solving activities driven by the search for problem solutions. This learning model develops critical thinking and problem‐solving skills while simultaneously advancing content knowledge. Problem‐based learning can enhance student knowledge and skill gains in introductory ecology courses; however, this method is rarely implemented in these courses. Adoption of active‐learning models is on the rise; however, instructors unfamiliar with educational theory and active‐learning methods may need support in understanding the efficacy of active learning and selecting a method from the multitude of instructional strategies available. To familiarize ecology instructors with one active‐learning model, problem‐based learning, the theoretical base, and evidence for its efficacy are reviewed. In addition, to assist instructors venturing into problem‐based learning, successful applications are highlighted and selected resources are provided for getting started.

Understanding factors that influence host–pathogen interactions is key to predicting outbreaks in natural systems experiencing environmental change. Many amphibian population declines have been attributed to an amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While this fungus is widespread, not all Bd‐positive populations have been associated with declines, which could be attributed to differences in pathogen virulence or host susceptibility. In a laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of Bd isolate origin, two from areas with Bd‐associated amphibian population declines (El Copé, Panama, and California, USA) and two from areas without Bd‐related population declines (Ohio and Maine, USA), on the terrestrial growth and survival of American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) metamorphs reared in larval environments with low or high intraspecific density. We predicted that (1) Bd isolates from areas experiencing declines would have greater negative effects than Bd isolates from areas without declines, and (2) across all isolates, growth and survival of smaller toads from high‐density larval conditions would be reduced by Bd exposure compared to larger toads from low‐density larval conditions. Our results showed that terrestrial survival was reduced for smaller toads exposed to Bd with variation in the response to different isolates, suggesting that smaller size increased susceptibility to Bd. Toads exposed to Bd gained less mass, which varied by isolate. Bd isolates from areas with population declines, however, did not have more negative effects than isolates from areas without recorded declines. Most strikingly, our study supports that host condition, measured by size, can be indicative of the negative effects of Bd exposure. Further, Bd isolates’ impact may vary in ways not predictable from place of origin or occurrence of disease‐related population declines. This research suggests that amphibian populations outside of areas experiencing Bd‐associated declines could be impacted by this pathogen and that the size of individuals could influence the magnitude of Bd's impact.

Isolated wetlands embedded within longleaf pine savannas support a high proportion of regional biodiversity including many amphibian species. Today, remnant isolated wetlands are often overgrown and hydrologically altered due to fire exclusion or incompatible, cool season fire regimes. In the absence of warm season fires when wetlands are dry, shrubs and trees succeed herbaceous plants, which alters wetland productivity via effects on light and detritus quality. We used a factorial aquatic mesocosm study to test the effects of altered detritus and shade on the growth, development, and survival of tadpoles of two priority amphibian species: gopher frogs (Rana capito) and ornate chorus frogs (Pseudacris ornata). Gopher frog survival was higher among maidencane, sedge, and pine treatments compared to oak and sweetgum treatments. While gopher frog larval periods were lowest in the sedge treatment, there was a nominal general effect of litter type on gopher frog larval periods, growth rates, and mass at metamorphosis. Shading had a nominal and inconsistent effect on gopher frog growth rates, but did extend larval periods in all litter treatments, decreased survival in all litter treatments except oak, and decreased mass at metamorphosis in all litter treatments except pine and sweetgum. Ornate chorus frog survival was minimally affected by shading and litter treatments, but growth rates and mass at metamorphosis were highest in maidencane and sedge treatments, and larval periods were extended with shading in all litter treatments. Shading also decreased growth rates in maidencane and sedge litters and decreased mass at metamorphosis in pine and sweetgum litters. Our results demonstrate that succession of isolated wetlands can reduce tadpole performance for two priority species both through changes in leaf litter and shading, though the effect on survival, larval growth, larval period, and size at metamorphosis can differ between species. These results support management recommendations to restore and maintain open canopy, grassy conditions in isolated wetlands for conservation of priority amphibian species.

Descriptions of amphibian habitat, both aquatic and terrestrial, often include plants as characteristics but seldom is it understood whether and how those plants affect amphibian ecology. Understanding how plants affect amphibian populations is needed to develop strategies to combat declines of some amphibian populations. Using a systematic approach, we reviewed and synthesized available literature on the effects of plants on pond-breeding amphibians during the aquatic and terrestrial stages of their life cycle. Our review highlights that plant communities can strongly influence the distribution, abundance, and performance of amphibians in multiple direct and indirect ways. We found three broad themes of plants' influence on amphibians: plants can affect amphibians through effects on abiotic conditions including the thermal, hydric, and chemical aspects of an amphibian's environment; plants can have large effects on aquatic life stages through effects on resource quality and abundance; and plants can modify the nature and strength of interspecific interactions between amphibians and other speciesnotably predators. We synthesized insights gained from the literature to discuss how plant community management fits within efforts to manage amphibian populations and to guide future research efforts. While some topical areas are well researched, we found a general lack of mechanistic and trait-based work which is needed to advance our understanding of the drivers through which plants influence amphibian ecology. Our literature review reveals the substantial role that plants can have on amphibian ecology and the need for integrating plant and amphibian ecology to improve research and management outcomes for amphibians.

Geographically isolated wetlands provide a critical habitat for pond-breeding amphibians, a taxa of broad conservation concern. Global wetland loss and degradation has made restoration essential for amphibian conservation. Restoration goals typically include recovering the wetlands’ physiochemical, hydrological, and ecological functions. However, for pond-breeding amphibians, successful restoration should also result in sustained populations, which is difficult to assess and infrequently reported. In this paper, we review the available evidence that restoration of geographically isolated wetlands promotes pond-breeding amphibian occupancy and population persistence. We provide an overview of restoration practices addressing hydrology, vegetation, and ecological processes within these unique environments and across spatial scales. We then summarize the evidence, and discuss the limitations, for evaluating successful restoration within the context of amphibian conservation across these categories. Finally, we provide recommendations for researchers and practitioners to leverage prior successes and establish systematic data collection and dissemination. Moving restoration of wetlands for amphibian conservation forward will require more robust data collection and reporting.

Among mobile terrestrial animals, movement among microsites can allow individuals to behaviorally moderate their body temperatures and rates of water loss, which can have important consequences for activity times, growth, fecundity, and survival. Ground-layer vegetation can change the availability and variability of microclimates; however, gaps in our understanding of how individuals interact with the microclimates created by vegetation limit our ability to inform management actions for wildlife. Amphibians can simultaneously balance operant body temperatures and water loss and the availability of heterogeneous microclimates should moderate how effectively they are able to do so. However, relatively few studies have attempted to mechanistically demonstrate how ground vegetation-driven effects on microclimatic variation may affect amphibian performance and survival. Agent-based modeling (ABM) can incorporate behavior and other mechanisms to understand how animals interact with their environments to result in larger scale patterns. They are effective for exploring alternative scenarios and representing the uncertainty in systems. Here, we use ABMs to integrate field and laboratory measurements of movement behavior, physiology, and plant effects on near-ground microclimate to explore how ground vegetation and the availability of terrestrial refugia may affect the survival and terrestrial distributions of juvenile gopher frogs (Rana capito) under two weather regimes. We also examine how assumptions regarding micro-scale movement (< 1 m2) affect the influence of ground vegetation on survival and settlement within refugia. While all variables affected settlement and survival, our models predict that inter-annual variation in weather and the density and spatial distribution of permanent refugia likely have the greatest influence on juvenile survival. The benefit of increased ground vegetation was dependent on the reasonable assumption that gopher frogs exhibit microclimate habitat selection throughout the day and night to limit water loss. Our models suggest that vegetation would be most beneficial to amphibians under warmer weather regimes provided there is sufficient rainfall.