Abstract:Maize is the third most important crop worldwide after rice and wheat (Hoisington and Melchinger 2004). It is affected by several pests and diseases. Among the diseases, sorghum downy mildew (SDM), caused by Peronosclerospora sorghi [(Weston and
“…Most of these genes were involved in transport, carbohydrate metabolism, catalytic activities, transcription and replication processes (Table S1). However, some of these genes have been reported to be involved in biotic stress resistance (Figure 4c) such as MLO‐like protein 1 (Jørgensen, 1992); LHP 1 (Ramirez‐Prado et al, 2019); histone acetyl transferase (Song Song et al, 2022); replication factor C (Xia et al, 2009); FAR1 (Wang et al, 2016), DEAD box RNA helicase 50 (Jadhav et al, 2018); peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase (Mokryakova et al, 2014); and glycosyl hydrolase family 10 (Kim et al, 2021). MLO is a transmembrane protein and provides resistance by effective arrest of fungal pathogen at early stages of prepenetration by forming enlarged cell wall apposition at the site of fungal penetration followed by callose deposition and generation of anti‐oxidants (Hückelhoven et al, 2000; Piffanelli et al, 2002).…”
Bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) is a serious soybean disease. A BLP resistant genotype ‘TS‐3’ was crossed with a BLP susceptible genotype ‘PK472’, and a segregating F2 mapping population was developed for genetic analysis and mapping. The F2 population segregation pattern in 15:1 susceptible/resistance ratio against Xag inoculum indicated that the resistance to BLP in ‘TS‐3’ was governed by two recessive genes. A total of 12 SSR markers, five SSR markers located on chromosome 2 and seven SSR markers located on chromosome 6 were identified as linked to BLP resistance. One of the resistance loci (r1) was mapped with flanking SSR markers Sat_183 and BARCSOYSSR_02_1613 at a distance of 0.9 and 2.1 cM, respectively. Similarly, SSR markers BARCSOYSSR_06_0024 and BARCSOYSSR_06_0013 flanked the second locus (r2) at distances of 1.5 and 2.1 cM, respectively. The identified two recessive genes imparting resistance to BLP disease and the SSR markers tightly linked to these loci would serve as important genetic and molecular resources to develop BLP resistant genotypes in soybean.
“…Most of these genes were involved in transport, carbohydrate metabolism, catalytic activities, transcription and replication processes (Table S1). However, some of these genes have been reported to be involved in biotic stress resistance (Figure 4c) such as MLO‐like protein 1 (Jørgensen, 1992); LHP 1 (Ramirez‐Prado et al, 2019); histone acetyl transferase (Song Song et al, 2022); replication factor C (Xia et al, 2009); FAR1 (Wang et al, 2016), DEAD box RNA helicase 50 (Jadhav et al, 2018); peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase (Mokryakova et al, 2014); and glycosyl hydrolase family 10 (Kim et al, 2021). MLO is a transmembrane protein and provides resistance by effective arrest of fungal pathogen at early stages of prepenetration by forming enlarged cell wall apposition at the site of fungal penetration followed by callose deposition and generation of anti‐oxidants (Hückelhoven et al, 2000; Piffanelli et al, 2002).…”
Bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) is a serious soybean disease. A BLP resistant genotype ‘TS‐3’ was crossed with a BLP susceptible genotype ‘PK472’, and a segregating F2 mapping population was developed for genetic analysis and mapping. The F2 population segregation pattern in 15:1 susceptible/resistance ratio against Xag inoculum indicated that the resistance to BLP in ‘TS‐3’ was governed by two recessive genes. A total of 12 SSR markers, five SSR markers located on chromosome 2 and seven SSR markers located on chromosome 6 were identified as linked to BLP resistance. One of the resistance loci (r1) was mapped with flanking SSR markers Sat_183 and BARCSOYSSR_02_1613 at a distance of 0.9 and 2.1 cM, respectively. Similarly, SSR markers BARCSOYSSR_06_0024 and BARCSOYSSR_06_0013 flanked the second locus (r2) at distances of 1.5 and 2.1 cM, respectively. The identified two recessive genes imparting resistance to BLP disease and the SSR markers tightly linked to these loci would serve as important genetic and molecular resources to develop BLP resistant genotypes in soybean.
Omics technologies, namely genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, are becoming an integral part of virtually every commercial cereal crop breeding program, as they provide substantial dividends per unit time in both pre-breeding and breeding phases. Continuous advances in omics assure time efficiency and cost benefits to improve cereal crops. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the established omics methods in five major cereals, namely rice, sorghum, maize, barley, and bread wheat. We cover the evolution of technologies in each omics section independently and concentrate on their use to improve economically important agronomic as well as biotic and abiotic stress-related traits. Advancements in the (1) identification, mapping, and sequencing of molecular/structural variants; (2) high-density transcriptomics data to study gene expression patterns; (3) global and targeted proteome profiling to study protein structure and interaction; (4) metabolomic profiling to quantify organ-level, small-density metabolites, and their composition; and (5) high-resolution, high-throughput, image-based phenomics approaches are surveyed in this review.
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