Protein-sparing effect of dietary lipid: Changes in growth, nutrient utilization, digestion and IGF-I and IGFBP-I expression of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), reared in Inland Ground Saline Water

Thirunavukkarasar, R.; Kumar, Pankaj; Sardar, Parimal; Sahu, Narottam Prasad; Harikrishna, Vungarala; Singha, Krishna Pada; Shamna, N.; Jacob, Jane; Krishna, Gopal

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115150

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Te inclusion of carbohydrates at an appropriate level in the diet can reduce protein degradation and amino acid oxidation for energy production, resulting in improved growth [29]. Besides, for carbohydrates to have a protein-sparing efect, the appropriate protein/carbohydrate ratio must be determined for each species [28,30,31] and dietary protein should be at a suboptimum level [32]. Te diferences in the dietary protein/carbohydrate ratios in experimental diets in the above studies may be one of the factors afecting the growth performance of each studied species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein-Sparing Effect of α-Lipoic Acid in Diets with Different Protein/Carbohydrate Ratios for the Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense

Wang

Xiong

et al. 2023

Aquaculture Research

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Carbohydrates are commonly used in aquaculture feed because they are the cheapest energy source. Promoting carbohydrate catabolism for energy production can increase the dietary protein utilization efficiency (i.e., a protein-sparing effect). Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) is a cofactor of some rate-limiting key enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) in carbohydrate metabolism. To determine whether α-LA could promote carbohydrate catabolism to have a protein-sparing effect, we investigated the growth, activities of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in energy metabolism, and the hepatopancreas structure of Macrobrachium nipponense fed with diets containing different protein/carbohydrate ratios (P/C) with and without α-LA. Six experimental diets for M. nipponense were formulated with casein and fish meal as the protein sources, fish oil and soybean oil as the lipid sources, and corn starch as the carbohydrate source. The six diets consisted of three different P/Cs ( P 41 / C 18 , P 37 / C 24 , and P 33 / C 30 ) without or with α-LA (at 1300 mg/kg). Each diet had six replicates and was fed to prawns (initial weight 0.110 ± 0.010 g) twice daily to apparent satiation. Dietary supplementation with α-LA significantly increased the survival rate of prawns, regardless of the P/C ratio. In the low-P/C group ( P 33 / C 30 ), the weight gain did not vary between those that consumed α-LA and those that did not. The P/C ratio and α-LA significantly affected the activities of key enzymes involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. In the P 41 / C 18 group, the hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities were significantly higher in prawns that consumed α-LA than in those that did not. In both the P 37 / C 24 and P 33 / C 30 groups, the pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was significantly higher in prawns that consumed α-LA than in those that did not. Significant interactions between P/C and α-LA were found for the transcript levels of genes encoding adenine ribonucleotide-dependent protein kinase subunits (AMPK αand AMPK β), HK, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid binding protein 10 (FABP 10), all of which are involved in energy metabolism. In the low-P/C group, α-LA increased the transcript levels of genes encoding AMPK α, AMPK β, HK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), G6PDH, and MDH, decreased the transcript level of the gene encoding ACC, and did not affect the transcript levels of genes encoding FABP10 and palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1). The P/C ratio and α-LA did not affect the overall morphology of the hepatopancreas, but at a low P/C, dietary supplementation of α-LA increased the number of hepatopancreatic B cells. In conclusion, supplementation with α-LA at 1300 mg/kg in a low-P/C diet of M. nipponense increased its carbohydrate utilization efficiency, energy metabolism, and the number of hepatopancreas B cells, thereby having a protein-sparing effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein-Sparing Effect of α-Lipoic Acid in Diets with Different Protein/Carbohydrate Ratios for the Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense

Wang

Xiong

et al. 2023

Aquaculture Research

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“…In the present study, the WG%, SGR, and PER of GIFT juveniles enhanced significantly with elevating dietary lipid levels up to 100 g/kg with lowest FCR and beyond that it caused significant reduction of growth and protein utilization with enhanced FCR. This finding clearly indicates that feeding excess lipid beyond the optimum level for GIFT reared in IGSW of 15 ppt salinity was not beneficial in terms of growth, which might be due to the reason that excess lipid with imbalanced P : E probably reduces the protein digestibility and availability of amino acids for production and deposition of somatic tissue protein leading reduced growth of fish [ 44 ]. Moreover, excess dietary lipid probably causes the metabolic burden to fish with the outcome of reduced growth [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dietary Lipid Level on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Physiometabolic Responses of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) Juveniles Reared in Inland Ground Saline Water

Paul

Sardar

Sahu

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Nutrition

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A 60-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of dietary lipid levels on growth and physiometabolic responses to optimize the dietary lipid requirement for maximizing the growth of Genetically Improved FarmedTilapia (GIFT) juveniles reared in inland ground saline water (IGSW) of medium salinity (15 ppt). Formulation and preparation of seven heterocaloric (389.56-449.02 Kcal digestible energy/100 g), heterolipidic (40-160 g/kg), and isonitrogenous (410 g/kg crude protein) purified diets were done for conducting the feeding trial. Random distribution of 315 acclimatized fish (mean weight 1.90 ± 0.01 g) was made in seven experimental groups such as CL4 (40 g/kg lipid), CL6 (60 g/kg lipid), CL8 (80 g/kg lipid), CL10 (100 g/kg lipid), CL12 (120 g/kg lipid), CP14 (140 g/kg lipid), and CL16 (160 g/kg lipid) with 15 fish per triplicate tank (fish density, 0.21 kg/m3). Respective diets were used for feeding the fish at satiation level three times daily. Results indicated that weight gain percentage (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio, and protease activity significantly increased up to 100 g lipid/kg fed group, and then the values significantly decreased. Muscle ribonucleic acid (RNA) content and lipase activity were highest in 120 g/kg lipid-fed group. RNA/DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and serum high-density lipoproteins levels of 100 g/kg lipid-fed group were significantly higher than 140, and 160 g/kg lipid-fed groups. The lowest feed conversion ratio was found in the 100 g/kg lipid-fed group. The amylase activity was significantly higher in 40 and 60 g lipid/kg fed groups. The whole-body lipid level was increased with increasing the dietary lipid levels, whereas, there was no significant difference in whole-body moisture, crude protein, and crude ash contents of all groups. Highest serum glucose, total protein and albumin, and albumin to globulin ratio and lowest low-density lipoproteins level were found in 140 and 160 g/kg lipid-fed groups. Serum osmolality and osmoregulatory capacity did not vary significantly, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed an increased and decreased trend, respectively, with the increasing dietary lipid levels. According to second-order polynomial regression analysis based on WG% and SGR, the optimum dietary lipid for GIFT juveniles in IGSW of 15 ppt salinity was found to be 99.1 and 100.1 g/kg, respectively.

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“…Lipids serve not only as the structural components of biological membranes but also as crucial energy sources for animal organisms 132 . It is common to implement high‐fat diet (HFD) in modern aquafeed formulations for optimising protein utilisation in animal organisms, thus achieving a ‘protein‐sparing effect’ 133 . The main source of dietary lipid is triglyceride, excesses of which can be stored as IMF 48 .…”

Section: Strategies To Regulate Texture Characteristics In Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…132 It is common to implement high-fat diet (HFD) in modern aquafeed formulations for optimising protein utilisation in animal organisms, thus achieving a 'protein-sparing effect'. 133 The main source of dietary lipid is triglyceride, excesses of which can be stored as IMF. 48 Previous studies documented that a long-term HFD led to significant reduction of fillet firmness in Atlantic cod, 111 European sea bass, 12 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 134 blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), 135 and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), 136 with concomitant increases in muscle lipids.…”

Section: Lipid Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The flesh texture of teleost fish: Characteristics and interventional strategies

Wang,

Qiao,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Reviews in Aquaculture

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With the growing demand of consumers for high‐quality aquatic products, controlling the harvest quality of farmed fish is becoming increasingly important in aquaculture industry. The texture is a sensory property that covers a group of attributes, such as firmness, tenderness, chewiness, adhesiveness, resilience, etc., which greatly determine consumers' perception and satisfaction for flesh products. Regarding texture quality, extensive research has been conducted in recent decades based on its related theories, influencing factors, and intervention strategies. However, the information available is largely scattered and disjointed. Essentially, flesh texture is mainly determined by the collective contribution of three major muscle components: muscle fibres, intramuscular connective tissue, and intramuscular fat. Therefore, changing these components in living animals through nutritional and management factors has the potential to modulate texture quality. Here, we briefly introduced the features and development of the three muscle components mentioned above, particularly their potential contributions to texture quality of fish flesh. Exciting promises to manipulate flesh texture through dietary intervention, feed restriction, and exercise training were also discussed. To ensure their applications in large‐scale aquaculture facilities, specific considerations of these regimens should be incorporated in experimental design parameters, including the species and age of fish, research system, experiment duration, and exercise intensity. Finally, the existing challenges and limitations of fish texture studies were presented, along with some viewpoints about current work and future directions of this field.

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Protein-sparing effect of dietary lipid: Changes in growth, nutrient utilization, digestion and IGF-I and IGFBP-I expression of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), reared in Inland Ground Saline Water

Cited by 21 publications

References 59 publications

Protein-Sparing Effect of α-Lipoic Acid in Diets with Different Protein/Carbohydrate Ratios for the Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense

Protein-Sparing Effect of α-Lipoic Acid in Diets with Different Protein/Carbohydrate Ratios for the Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense

Effect of Dietary Lipid Level on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Physiometabolic Responses of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) Juveniles Reared in Inland Ground Saline Water

The flesh texture of teleost fish: Characteristics and interventional strategies

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