“…Additionally, because they possess relatively simple nervous systems with identifiable neurons, it has been possible to study at the single neuron level the changes underlying learning and memory. Another important advantage possessed by these systems is that because they have an open circulatory system the concentrations of peptides and sugars in the hemolymph are thought to be similar to those in the CNS (Lee et al, 2012;Lukowiak, Sunada, Teskey, Lukowiak, & Dalesman, 2014;Matsuo, Kawaguchi, Yamagishi, Amano, & Ito, 2010;Naskar, Wan, & Kemenes, 2014;Noboa & Gillette, 2013;Otsuka et al, 2013;Walker, Campodonico, Cavallo, & Farley, 2010;Takigami et al, 2014).…”