Protein-Deficient Diet Alters Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, Bile Acids, Proteins and Urea Nitrogen in Dogs

Davenport, D. J.; Mostardi, Richard A.; Richardson, Daniel C.; Gross, Kathy L.; Greene, K.; Blair, K.Taylor

doi:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2677s

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…As shown in many studies including this study, renal function markers are affected by various extrarenal factors such as BW, age, protein intake and hydration state [3,9,10,12,13,24,28,30,37,40,44]. PCio in healthy dogs was also significantly related to BW in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…P-UN is known to be affected by numerous extrarenal factors, and it greatly depends on protein supply [9,12,37]. In this study, it was difficult to compare precise protein intake between the small and large dogs, as these dogs were not fed the same diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition, these measures are known to be affected by various extrarenal factors. The P-UN concentration is increased by high protein intake or large amounts of food intake, decreased circulating blood volume that including due to dehydration or hemorrhaging and intestinal hemorrhaging, fasting or sepsis, which increase protein catabolism [9,12,37]. P-UN is decreased by liver insufficiency, portosystemic shunts and malnutrition [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

2010

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ABSTRACT. Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common disorders in dogs and cats. The plasma urea nitrogen (P-UN) and creatinine (P-Cre) concentrations are not sufficiently sensitive for early diagnosis of renal dysfunction. Although urine and plasma clearance methods allow earlier detection of reductions in the GFR, it is difficult to estimate a mildly reduced GFR from the values obtained by these methods, as they are also affected by physiological factors, such as body weight (BW) and age. The present study is a retrospective survey designed to assess the factors that affect markers of kidney function and to revaluate the clinical utility of the markers, including P-UN, P-Cre and GFR determined by plasma iohexol clearance (PCio) in dogs and cats. The P-UN, P-Cre and PCio values in dogs and the P-Cre and PCio values in cats were significantly correlated with BW (P<0.001). PCio in smaller dogs (15.0 kg) was significantly and inversely correlated with age. In smaller dogs, increase of P-UN alone might warrant a suspicion of a decreased GFR, but in contrast, P-Cre may be inefficient for detecting renal dysfunction or determining the severity of CKD compared with that in larger dogs ( 15.1 kg). P-Cre in larger dogs correlated better with PCio than in smaller dogs, suggesting that P-Cre in larger dogs was a more sensitive marker of reduced GFR.KEY WORDS: body weight, plasma creatinine, plasma iohexol clearance, plasma urea nitrogen.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(9): 1129-1136, 2010 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common disorders and is a common cause of death in dogs and cats. The prevalence of renal diseases has been reported to range from 0.5 to 7% in dogs and from 1.6 to 20% in cats [29,43]. Although CKD occurs in dogs and cats of all ages, the mortality of CKD commonly increases with age. In human and veterinary medicine, CKD is diagnosed by detecting chronic decreases in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or the presence of chronic renal damage [4,36]. GFR can be evaluated indirectly from the concentrations of plasma and urine markers, which are dependent on the amount eliminated by the kidneys. The plasma urea nitrogen (P-UN) and creatinine (P-Cre) concentrations are widely used as endogenous markers to evaluate renal function in dogs and cats because they can be easily, rapidly and cheaply measured. GFR is measured directly by urine or plasma clearance methods using inulin, creatinine or iohexol [7,14,15,20,21,33,34]. Although the urinary clearances of inulin and creatinine are considered to be the gold standards for measuring GFR in humans and animals, these methods are impractical in clinical settings because they require insertion of a bladder catheter, which is associated with a risk of developing a urinary tract infection or urethral injury; complete collection of a timed urine sample; and continuous infusion of the marker. The single injection technique can be used to determine plasma clearance from the elimination curve of a marker in plasma after a bolus injection. Plasma clearance ca...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

2010

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“…Protein deficient rats showed a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in serum albumin contents as well as total protein contents both in liver and serum. The reduction in serum albumin contents can be due to depletion in amino acid precursors of albumin synthesis, which in turn results in reduction of protein contents (Davenport et al 1994). Administration of Zn to the animals of protein deficient group tended to restore the serum albumin levels, but still the levels were significantly different from normal controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Probably, the activated macrophages including the Kupffer cells are the cellular source for the increased levels of ALP in conditions of liver damage caused by protein deficiency (Hultberg & Isakasson 1983). Davenport et al (1994) also postulated that many hepatic and extrahepatic conditions could result due to protein-restricted diets that in a way caused increased production of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from bone and Values are mean ± SD. By Newman-Keuls test: a1 P < 0.05, a2 P < 0.01 and a3 P < 0.001 in comparison to G-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time dependent study to evaluate the efficacy of zinc on hepatic marker enzymes and elemental profile in serum and liver of protein deficient rats

2005

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This study was designed to determine the time dependent protective effects of zinc sulfate on the serum and liver marker enzymes along with elemental profile in protein deficient Sprague Dawley (S.D.) female rats. Zinc sulfate in the dose of 227 mg/l in drinking water was administered to normal control as well as protein deficient rats for a total duration of 8 weeks. The effects of different treatments were studied on enzymes like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferases (AST) and alanine aminotransferases (ALT) in rat serum at different time intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks and in the rat liver at the end of study. The status of different essential elements in liver was also studied. The serum ALP activity got significantly depressed when estimated at the intervals of 4 and 8 weeks. Activity of serum ALT was significantly increased after 4 weeks interval in protein deficient rats and the increasing trend continued upto 8 weeks of protein deficiency. On the other hand, activity of AST showed a significant increase just after 2 weeks and activity continued to be increased up to 8 weeks. Moreover activities of all the hepato marker enzymes showed a significant increase in liver of protein deficient rats. Interestingly, supplementation of Zn to protein deficient rats helped in regulating the altered activities of ALP, AST and ALT both in serum and liver. However, zinc treatment alone to normal rats did not indicate any significant change in the activities of all the enzymes in liver as well serum except at the interval of 2 weeks where a marginal increase in the activity of AST was seen. It has also been observed that concentrations of zinc, copper, iron and selenium were found to be decreased significantly in protein deficient animals. However, the levels of these elements came back to within normal limits when zinc was administered to protein deficient rats.

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Kidney Function and Damage

Braun

Lefebvre²

2008

Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals

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Protein-Deficient Diet Alters Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, Bile Acids, Proteins and Urea Nitrogen in Dogs

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

Time dependent study to evaluate the efficacy of zinc on hepatic marker enzymes and elemental profile in serum and liver of protein deficient rats

Kidney Function and Damage

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