Protein Considerations for Athletes With a Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract

Athlete participation in the Paralympic games is steadily increasing; prompting research focused on the unique needs of this population. While the Paralympic Games includes a diversity of athletes, athletes with a spinal cord injury (PARA-SCI) represent a subgroup that requires specialized recommendations. Nutritional guidelines designed to optimize performance, in the context of the neurological impairments, are required. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding the importance of dietary protein for optimal health and performance. Factors with the potential to affect protein needs in PARA-SCI including loss of active muscle mass, reduced energy expenditure, and secondary complications are examined in detail. Furthermore, we analyze protein intakes in PARA-SCI from the available research to provide context around current practices and trends. In conclusion, we make the case that protein recommendations for able-bodied athletes may not be directly transferable to PARA-SCI. Consequently, PARA-SCI need their own guidelines to maximize performance and ensure long-term health.

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritional Intake and Nutrition Quotient of Korean Athletes with Disabilities in the Tokyo Paralympic Games

“…Therefore, given the lack of recommendations for athletes with disabilities, the use and need for protein after exercise are similar to those of able athletes [ 22 , 23 ]. In contrast, a previous study suggested that compared to able athletes, athletes with disabilities will have lower protein intake because their muscle activity is lower and their overall energy requirements are reduced [ 24 ]. Thomas et al [ 25 ] reported that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of the able-bodied population is 0.8 g/kg body mass per day, and in able-bodied athletes, the amount of protein required each day ranges from 1.2 to 2.0 g/kg body mass.…”

Nutritional Considerations for Para-Cycling Athletes: A Narrative Review

“…Whey protein, as an example, is very well studied and most effective in a dose of 20 to 25 g/dose or 0.3 to 0.4 g/kg/meal to stimulate muscle protein synthesis to a maximal extent consumed following a strength training or an intensive session [45,56]. No study on protein supplementation and its effect on muscle protein synthesis following a training session has been performed in Paralympic athletes [57]. Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to implement a post-session protein intake (20 to 25 g of high-quality protein or 0.3 to 0.4 g/kg/meal) to enhance recovery and adaptation in athletes [58,59].…”

“…Moreover, planning three to four protein servings over the whole day might further help to improve overall muscle protein synthesis and to minimize muscle protein breakdown [56]. Overall protein intake is recommended to be at least 1.2 g/kg/d [57] in athletes with SCI und and between 1.2 up to 2.2 g/kg/d in athletes with a minimal disability or able-bodied athletes [56]. Protein intake should be increased in case of weight loss and energy restriction.…”

“…Protein intake should be increased in case of weight loss and energy restriction. In case of constipation or kidney disease, athletes should be cautious with protein intake [57]. Athletes with SCI and amputation suffering from pressure ulcers or sores might also increase their daily protein intake to 2.0 g/kg/d [60].…”

Nutritional Practices and Body Composition of South African National-Level Spinal Cord-Injured Endurance Hand Cyclists

“…A number of recent publications have highlighted the nutritional aspects that need special attention for para-athletes [ 3 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. This has provided some guidance for SCI athletes to address the challenges arising from spinal cord injury on body composition, metabolism, gastrointestinal function, and secondary health issues.…”