Protective Mechanism Pathway of Swietenia macrophylla Extract Nanoparticles against Cardiac Cell Damage in Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Hyperglycemia causes cardiac cell damage through increasing ROS production during diabetic complications. The current study proves the antioxidant activity of Swietenia macrophylla (S. macrophylla) extract nanoparticles as a protector against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cardiac cell damage. In this research, high-energy ball milling is used to create S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles. The active chemical compounds in the S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles were analyzed through phytochemical screening and GC-MS. Furthermore, we characterized the size of S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Forty male rats were divided randomly into five groups. In the control group, rats received aqua dest orally; in the diabetic group, rats were injected intraperitoneally with STZ; in the S. macrophylla group, rats were injected with STZ and orally given S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles. The results of phytochemical screening showed that S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles contain saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics and tannins. Seven chemical compounds in S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles were identified using GC-MS, including phenol, piperidine, imidazole, hexadecene, heptadecanol, dihexylsulfide and heptanol. DLS showed that the S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles’ size was 91.50 ± 23.06 nm. Injection with STZ significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in cardiac tissue and creatine kinase–myocardial band (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum. STZ also significantly reduced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in cardiac tissue compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the administration of S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles can prevent STZ-induced cardiac cell damage through decreasing the level of CK-MB and LDH in serum and the level of MDA in cardiac tissue. S. macrophylla extract nanoparticles also significantly increased Nrf2 expression as well as SOD and GPx levels in cardiac tissue. These effects are related to the prevention of cardiac histopathological alteration (degeneration and necrosis) in diabetic rats. These results suggest that S. macrophylla nanoparticles contain active compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, piperidine, imidazole and hexadecene and have strong antioxidant activity. These can act as a potential cardioprotective agent against STZ-induced cardiac cell damage due to its antioxidant properties.

Protecting mechanism of Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticle on Streptozotocin induced renal damage in rat

“…The process of ball milling is conducted at a temperature of 27°C and the temperature is maintained with the air conditioning system to prevent overheating. Then the identification particle size of S. macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticles by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was carried out ( Wardani et al , 2022 ; Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ).…”

“…Three days after STZ injection, blood samples were taken through the lateral vein of the tail and tested for blood glucose levels by the glucometer (Accu-Check, Roche Diagnostics, Pvt., Ltd.). Rats with the level of glucose in >200 mg/dl were used as experimental animals ( Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ; Wardani et al , 2023 ).…”

“…The MDA-TBA complex coefficient was measured with absorbance at 532 nm with the reader of the microplate for assessing MDA levels. The MDA levels are expressed in nm/mg tissue ( Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ; Wardani et al , 2023 ).…”

“…SOD inhibition was measured using spectrophotometry at 560 nm to track the drop in nitro blue tetrazolium (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in each sample. SOD levels are shown as U/mg of protein ( Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ).…”

“…A natural substance called Swietenia macrophylla exhibits vigorous antioxidant activity and may scavenge ROS to prevent oxidative damage. Swietenia macrophylla offers pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic properties ( Yudhani et al , 2021 ; Borah et al , 2022 ; Kurnijasanti et al , 2023 ).…”