Protecting mechanism of Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticle on Streptozotocin induced renal damage in rat

Abstract

Background: Hyperglycemia increases Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which contributes to diabetic complications such as kidney cell damage. Antioxidant administration could inhibit ROS and kidney cell damage commonly seen in hyperglycemia. Aim: We want to demonstrate that the antioxidant properties of Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticles can prevent kidney cell damage brought on by streptozotozine (STZ) in the current investigation. Methods: This study employs high-energy ball milling to produce nanoparticles from Swietenia macrophylla extract. Additionally, dynamic light scattering (DLS) is utilized to characterize the nanoparticle sizes of the Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract. Five groups, each consisting of eight rats, were formed from 40 animals. Control rats received distilled water, the diabetic rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ) injections, while Swietenia macrophylla rats were given Swietenia macrophylla extract nanoparticles orally and streptozotocin (STZ) injection. After the trial, blood from a rat was drawn intracardially to check the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were then assessed in kidney tissue samples. Histological alterations were evaluated in kidney section samples. Results: A Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis estimated the size of the Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticles to be about 91.50 ± 23.06 nm. BUN and creatinine levels were significantly raised after STZ treatment. STZ significantly decreased SOD and GPx levels in kidney tissue while raising MDA levels (p< 0.05). Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract nanoparticle caused the increased levels of BUN and Creatinine in blood to normal levels (P<0.05), indicating that Swietenia macrophylla ethanol extract prevented the STZ-induced liver cell damage. Additionally, Swietenia macrophylla nanoparticles significantly raise GPx and SOD levels in kidney tissue while lowering MDA levels (p < 0.05). These actions are thought to have prevented kidney histological alterations (degeneration and necrosis) in diabetic rats. Conclusion: According to these results, the anti-oxidative stress properties of Swietenia macrophylla nanoparticles make them potentially effective nephroprotective therapies for STZ-induced kidney cell damage.