Protective immunity induced by low-virulence Candida albicans: Cytokine production in the development of the anti-infectious state

Immunization with the Candida albicans Membrane Fraction and in Combination with Fluconazole Protects against Systemic Fungal Infections

“…Activated nonspecific macrophages will generate resistance to aspergillosis and candidiasis similarly to that induced by i.v. injection of live attenuated C. albicans cells (3,29).…”

Lethality of Yeasts with Low Pathogenicity in Mice Immunocompromised by Cyclophosphamide Treatment.

“…The release of TNF may be related to its capacity to activate the effector function controlling Candida growth under some conditions. 6,9) On the other hand, it has also been reported that TNF-a induced in mice by C. albicans is involved in the increase in fibrinogen, an acute-phase protein, and that fibrinogen levels showed relatively sensitive changes correlated with those (about 500 pg/ml) in TNF-a. 7) Recently, it has also been shown that TNF-a reduces neutrophil fungicidal activity to less than 40% of that manifested by unprimed control cells.…”

“…Two days after this injection, the mice (3-21/group) were injected intravenously via the tail vein with saline-washed viable yeast cells (1ϫ10 6 , 2ϫ10 6 , and 1ϫ10 7 ), which had been suspended in 0.2 ml of sterile saline after being counted with a hemocytometer. The animals were monitored for 20 d.…”

“…In a preliminary screening (3 mice/group), in which yeast cells (1ϫ10 6 and 1ϫ10 7 /mouse) were inoculated intravenously in CY-treated and nontreated groups, most mice in both groups manifested no signs of toxicity. However, one strain each of A. telluris, S. cerevisiae, and S. kluyveri provoked severe debilitation in CY-treated mice: the eyes were closed, breathing was labored, and behavior was arrested by infection with 1ϫ10 7 cells/mouse.…”

Innate immunity of carp : fishing for receptors

“…Bistoni et al observed that inoculating mice with an attenuated strain of the fungus Candida albicans not only protects animals against re-infection with a virulent Candida strain but also against infection with the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Bistoni et al, 1986). Importantly, the mechanism of protection proved independent of T lymphocytes, since protection was also induced in athymic mice (Bistoni et al, 1988), but dependent on macrophages (Bistoni et al, 1986) and inflammatory cytokines (Vecchiarelli et al, 1989). Similarly, vaccination of mice with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) protects against tuberculosis as intended, but also offers cross-protection to secondary infections with C. albicans or Schistosoma mansoni, involving activated tissue macrophages (van 't Wout et al, 1992).…”