Protective effects of vitamin K2 on 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through modulation bax and caspase-3 activation

Protective effects of 6‐gingerol on 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through modulation of SAPK/JNK and survivin activation

“…According to previous studies, [27] 6-OHDA induces apoptosis in PC12 cells. In the present study, the percentage of apoptotic PC12 cells exposed to 6-OHDA (100 μM) was 80.4%, significantly higher than untreated cells (9.3%).…”

“…[46][47][48] Numerous recent studies determined that the activation of SAPK/JNK is associated with 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. [27,28,49,49,50] Three signaling pathways activated in response to oxidative stress are MAPKs, Akt, and NF-κβ. MAPKs consist of a large number of serine/threonine kinases which are associated with cell proliferation (extracellular signal-regulated kinases [ERKs]) and JNK (stress and apoptosis), and so on.…”

“…Cyt-c plays a key component of the apoptosome in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis that activates the caspase-9. [27] Lin et al reported that ROS production generated by 6-OHDA oxidation is the initial cytotoxic effect that could promote apoptosis through MAPK signaling. We have previously documented that, JNK pathway may play an essential role in 6-OHDA-induced cell death.…”

“…First, based on previous studies, the optimum cytotoxic concentration (CC 50) of 6-OHDA was determined. [25,27] 6-OHDA decreased the viability of PC12 cells significantly in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.001) compared with untreated control. So, we used 6-OHDA (100 µM) to identify the cytotoxic or protective features of 6-gingerol (Figure 1A).…”

“…After 24 h, cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) afterward and harvested and incubated at 4°C in the dark with 400 μl of hypotonic buffer (50 μg/ml PI in 0.1% sodium citrate and 0.1% Triton X-100) for 30 min before flow cytometric analysis (BD Biosciences). [26] 2.4 | Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)/western blot analysis According to the western blot protocol of the previous study, [26,27] western blot analysis was applied to investigate the expression of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/ JNKs), the active form of SAPK/JNK (P-SAPK/JNK), and survivin. PC12 cells (10 6 cells) were grown in a T25 flask and treated as described previously.…”