Protective effects of sunlight exposure against PRK‐induced myopia in infant rhesus monkeys

Yang, Xiaowei; Yang, Yifang; Wang, Yong; Wei, Qi; Ding, Hui; Zhong, Xingwu

doi:10.1111/opo.12826

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…But exposure to sunlight for 3 hours a day signi cantly reduced the progress of refractive myopia in normal eyes and negative lens-induced eyes of young monkeys. [41] Similar ndings were also con rmed in the research conducted by Yang et al [42] Considering the signi cant difference in light levels and spectral composition between indoor and outdoors, and the theory that relative myopic defocus over a large portion of the retina have been shown to produce clinically meaningful reductions in myopia progression. [43][44][45] In their opinion, the protective effect of increasing outdoor time on myopia is also related to spectral components and the mechanisms might be both complex and phase-dependent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Contribution of Ambient Light Intensity vs Spectral Contents of Short Wavelength on Refractive Development in Young Rabbits

Tang

Zou

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of manipulating lighting levels versus manipulating the short wavelength contents of ambient lighting on refractive development in young rabbits. Methods: A total of 32 healthy 3-week-old rabbits were randomly assigned to one of four groups with 8 in each group. Normal blue at normal illuminance (control, NC) group and normal blue at high illuminance lighting (HI) group were exposed to light emitted by ordinary LED lamps with low content in the short wavelength range. High-blue at high illuminance(Simulating natural light, S-NL) group and high-blue at normal illuminance (High-blue, HB) group were exposed to the light with high content in the short wavelength range provided by ordinary LED and blue LED lamps. The approximate mean illuminance (in human lux) on the cage floor was (NC:341lux, HI:5057lux, HB:342lux, S-NL: 5051lux). Refractive error, axial dimensions and corneal curvature radius were assessed by retinoscopy, ultrasonography and keratometry, respectively. Average data of both eyes for each animal were compared across groups.Results: During the intervention, all animals had an emmetropization period. The refractive development of HI group was similar to S-NL group, both significantly slower than that of HB and NC group (p<0.001). While the decrease of group refraction in HB paralleled to the control group (p=0. 381). At the 12th week, the group refraction of S-NL(3.000±0.267D) was similar to HI (3.250±0.267D), more hyperopic than HB(2.219±0.281D) and NC (1.938±0.291D). The vitreous chamber depth of S-NL (7.421±0.168mm) was shorter than HB (7.785±0.230mm) and NC (7.825±0.313mm), similar to that of HI group(7.264±0.256mm). The other components were less effected by light conditions(p＞0.05). Conclusions: Extrapolated from rabbits, these findings suggest that high illuminances per se but not the rich in short wavelengths determine the inhibitory effect of ambient lighting on myopia after increasing time outdoors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Contribution of Ambient Light Intensity vs Spectral Contents of Short Wavelength on Refractive Development in Young Rabbits

Tang

Zou

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Prolonged near work and very limited outdoor exposure has been considered to contribute to current pandemic of myopia in Asian children. A recent animal experiment has demonstrated that natural light exposure provides a protective effect against myopia development by more hyperopic refraction and shorter vitreous chamber depth [40]. Since the mechanism of emmetropization is contained within the eye and peripheral defocus can alter refractive development [16], the defocus experienced by the peripheral retina would be expected to drive eye growth [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlations between Horizontal and Vertical Peripheral Refractions and Human Eye Shape Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Highly Myopic Eyes

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between relative peripheral refraction and retinal shape by 2-D magnetic resonance imaging in high myopes. Thirty-five young adults aged 20 to 30 years participated in this study with 16 high myopes (spherical equivalent < −6.00 D) and 19 emmetropes (+0.50 to −0.50 D). An open field autorefractor was used to measure refractions from the center out to 60° in the horizontal meridian and out to around 20° in the vertical meridian, with a step of 3 degrees. Axial length was measured by using A-scan ultrasonography. In addition, images of axial, sagittal, and tangential sections were obtained using 2-D magnetic resonance imaging. The highly myopic group had a significantly relative peripheral hyperopic refraction and showed a prolate ocular shape compared to the emmetropic group. The highly myopic group had relative peripheral hyperopic refraction and showed a prolate ocular form. Significant differences in the ratios of height/axial (1.01 ± 0.02 vs. 0.94 ± 0.03) and width/axial (0.99 ± 0.17 vs. 0.93 ± 0.04) were found from the MRI images between the emmetropic and the highly myopic eyes (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the retina’s curvature and relative peripheral refraction for both temporal (Pearson r = −0.459; p < 0.01) and nasal (Pearson r = −0.277; p = 0.011) retina. For the highly myopic eyes, the amount of peripheral hyperopic defocus is correlated to its ocular shape deformation. This could be the first study investigating the relationship between peripheral refraction and ocular dimension in high myopes, and it is hoped to provide useful knowledge of how the development of myopia changes human eye shape.

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“…In a cross-sectional analysis within the Singapore birth cohort study, more time outdoors, but not light levels or the timing and frequency of light exposure, was associated with lower odds of myopia [ 237 ]. Another study found that greater green space coverage was associated with lower prevalence of myopia [ 238 ]. While more time outdoors seems well-established as protective for the development of myopia, details of optimal exposure to minimise myopia are not fully elucidated.…”

Section: Benefits Of Exposure To Uv Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Neale

Lucas

Byrne

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health within the context of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments. We assess work published since our last comprehensive assessment in 2018. Over the last four years gains have been made in knowledge of the links between sun exposure and health outcomes, mechanisms, and estimates of disease burden, including economic impacts. Of particular note, there is new information about the way in which exposure to UV radiation modulates the immune system, causing both harms and benefits for health. The burden of skin cancer remains high, with many lives lost to melanoma and many more people treated for keratinocyte cancer, but it has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 11 million cases of melanoma and 432 million cases of keratinocyte cancer that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. While the incidence of skin cancer continues to rise, rates have stabilised in younger populations in some countries. Mortality has also plateaued, partly due to the use of systemic therapies for advanced disease. However, these therapies are very expensive, contributing to the extremely high economic burden of skin cancer, and emphasising the importance and comparative cost-effectiveness of prevention. Photodermatoses, inflammatory skin conditions induced by exposure to UV radiation, can have a marked detrimental impact on the quality of life of sufferers. More information is emerging about their potential link with commonly used drugs, particularly anti-hypertensives. The eyes are also harmed by over-exposure to UV radiation. The incidence of cataract and pterygium is continuing to rise, and there is now evidence of a link between intraocular melanoma and sun exposure. It has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 63 million cases of cataract that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. Despite the clearly established harms, exposure to UV radiation also has benefits for human health. While the best recognised benefit is production of vitamin D, beneficial effects mediated by factors other than vitamin D are emerging. For both sun exposure and vitamin D, there is increasingly convincing evidence of a positive role in diseases related to immune function, including both autoimmune diseases and infection. With its influence on the intensity of UV radiation and global warming, the Montreal Protocol has, and will have, both direct and indirect effects on human health, potentially changing the balance of the risks and benefits of spending time outdoors. Graphical abstract

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Protective effects of sunlight exposure against PRK‐induced myopia in infant rhesus monkeys

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Contribution of Ambient Light Intensity vs Spectral Contents of Short Wavelength on Refractive Development in Young Rabbits

Contribution of Ambient Light Intensity vs Spectral Contents of Short Wavelength on Refractive Development in Young Rabbits

The Correlations between Horizontal and Vertical Peripheral Refractions and Human Eye Shape Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Highly Myopic Eyes

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

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