Protective Effects of Propolis Extract in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury via Hsp70 Induction

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major global health problems. Secondary brain injury is a complex inflammation cascades process that causes brain cell apoptosis. Propolis is a natural product that has neuroprotective property.AIM:This study aimed to investigate the effect of propolis toward Hsp70 expression with apoptosis marker in brain tissue after TBI.METHODS:Thirty-three Sprague Dawley rats were randomised into three treatments group, i.e. sham-operated controls, closed head injury (CHI), and CHI with propolis extract (treatment group). In the treatment group, propolis was given 200 mg/kg per oral for 7 days then harvested brain tissues after sacrificed by cervical dislocation at day 8. We investigated Hsp70, Caspase 3, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and TUNEL assay expression using immunohistochemistry staining. Statistical test using one-way ANOVA test and Tukey HSD as post hoc test.RESULTS:Mean of positive Hsp70 stained cells in group 1 was 6.82 ± 2.14, group 2 was 3.91 ± 2.26, and group 3 was 9.64 ± 3.53 with a significant difference of Hsp70 expression distribution within groups (p = 0.0001). Mean of positive caspase 3 stained cells in group 1 was 5.45 ± 2.30, group 2 was 13.82 ± 2.44, and group 3 was 7.03 ± 1.54 with a significant difference of caspase3 expression distribution within groups (p=0.0001). Mean of positive AIF stained cells in group 1 was 5.36 ± 2.11, group 2 was 12.82 ± 1.40, and group 3 was 8.09 ± 1.81 with a significant difference of AIF expression distribution within groups (p = 0.0001). Mean of positive TUNEL assay stained cells in group 1 was 4.82 ± 2.04, group 2 was 11.55 ± 1.51, and group 3 was 7.64 ± 1.96 with a significant difference of TUNEL test expression distribution within groups (p = 0.0001).CONCLUSION:Propolis may protect brain cell from apoptosis after injury by maintaining Hsp70 expression in addition to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

Propolis as a Potential Disease-Modifying Strategy in Parkinson’s disease: Cardioprotective and Neuroprotective Effects in the 6-OHDA Rat Model

“…Sham animals received saline injection at the same brain points. Twenty-four hours after stereotaxic surgery, animals in the groups with the +P termination received daily gavages with Brazilian green propolis (200 mg/kg) [ 53 , 54 , 55 ], while rats in the other groups received filtered water for 40 days. Rats were weighed once a week.…”

“…On the first day after the 6-OHDA injection, propolis solution was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg [ 53 , 54 , 55 ] to the sham + P and 6-OHDA + P animals and filtered water to the others until the 40th day. The standardized propolis extract (EPP-AF ® , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil) employed in this study was kindly provided by Apis Flora Co. and is a composition containing mostly green propolis in water-soluble dry extract form [ 58 ].…”

Can Propolis Be a Useful Adjuvant in Brain and Neurological Disorders and Injuries? A Systematic Scoping Review of the Latest Experimental Evidence

“…The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis were shown to play a significant role in attenuating the negative effect of these injuries. Propolis reduced the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and iNOS, while increasing the expression of protective proteins such as heat shock protein-70 (hsp70) [14,[16][17][18]20]. It also inhibited the development of histopathology associated with these injuries and in some cases promoted the development of myelinated fibers [15,17,21].…”

Pyrrolylquinoxaline-2-One Derivative as a Potent Therapeutic Factor for Brain Trauma Rehabilitation

“…In regards to the potential role of Hsp70 in the post-trauma recovery period, it was found that the knockout of the chaperone gene in mice with an experimental head injury led to a significant increase in the lesion zone [22], and therapy using the Hsp70 17-AAG inducer reduced bleeding in injured mice [23]. Additionally, the treatment of traumatized rats with propolis that induced Hsp70 synthesis led to a reduction of the apoptosis level in the rat's brain [24]. Another activator of Hsp70 synthesis, celastrol, was found to protect neural cells from reactive oxygen species, a potent inducer of secondary damage [25].…”