Protective Effect of Spirulina platensis Extract against Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Morsy, Mohamed A.; Gupta, Sumeet; Nair, Anroop B.; Venugopala, Katharigatta N.; Greish, Khaled; El‐Daly, Mahmoud

doi:10.3390/nu11102309

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…The groups comprised low-fat diet-fed rats (LFD, 10 kcal% fat D12450B, control group), HFD-fed rats (45 kcal% fat D12451, FBSH Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd) and rats fed an HFD with 3% Spirulina platensis (SP group). 23,24 100% pure S platensis powder was obtained from Lianmai Biotech Ltd. and administered it 3 g/100 g of diet to the experimental animals. We closely recorded each rat's bodyweight and food intake on a weekly basis.…”

Section: Animal Samples Experimental Design and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina platensis alleviates chronic inflammation with modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rats fed a high‐fat diet

Wang

Chen

et al. 2020

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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Recent research suggested that taking a high‐fat diet (HFD) may lead to a gut microbiota imbalance and colon tissue damage. This would lead to increased intestinal permeability and consequent constant circulation of low‐grade inflammatory cytokines. Spirulina platensis can protect against HFD‐induced metabolic inflammation and can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in in vitro stool cultures. However, it is unknown whether this beneficial effect acts on intestinal tissues. In this study, rats were fed a high‐fat diet fed with 3% S platensis for 14 weeks. We analysed endotoxin, the composition of the microbiota, inflammation and gut permeability. We found that S platensis decreased the bodyweight and visceral fat pads weight of the HFD‐fed rats. In addition, it lowered the levels of lipopolysaccharide and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in serum. Our results showed that S platensis could largely reduce the relative amount of Proteobacteria and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in faecal samples from HFD‐fed rats. S platensis significantly reduced intestinal inflammation, as shown by decreased expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF‐κB (p65) and inflammatory cytokines. S platensis also ameliorated the increased permeability and decreased expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal mucosa, such as ZO‐1, Occludin and Claudin‐1. Therefore, in HFD‐induced gut dysbiosis rats, S platensis benefits health by inhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and modulating gut permeability.

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Section: Animal Samples Experimental Design and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina platensis alleviates chronic inflammation with modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rats fed a high‐fat diet

Wang

Chen

et al. 2020

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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“…As far as we know, this study is the first systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials determining the effects of spirulina administration on concentrations of inflammatory cytokines including IL‐2, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, as well as oxidative stress indicators including MDA and TBARS levels. Spirulina, a microalga that is used to produce nutritional supplements nowadays, possesses different kinds of clinical and physiological implications that are profitable for improving various inflammatory and oxidative stress‐related disorders including cancers, arthritis, dementia, diabetes, vascular disease, atherosclerosis, asthma and inflammatory bowel disease 32–38 . For instance, recent evidence suggested that spirulina supplementation improved immune function after chemotherapy in patients with malignant tumours by supporting the maintenance of white blood cell, neutrophils, immunoglobulin M and CD8 + T cell population levels 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, long‐term supplementation of spirulina resulted in an improvement of bronchial asthma by combating detrimental damage and inflammation in the respiratory cell lining 37 . Moreover, hydroalcoholic extract of spirulina was found to be an effective treatment of ulcerative colitis by modulating local and systemic inflammation 38 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials

Mohiti

Zarezadeh

Naeini

et al. 2021

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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Studies investigating the effects of spirulina on inflammation and oxidative stress status are controversial. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the impacts of spirulina supplementation on oxidative stress indicators and inflammatory markers. PubMed‐Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase databases and Google Scholar were searched up to 1 October 2020. Random‐effect analysis was applied to perform meta‐analysis. Subgroup analyses and multivariate meta‐regression were performed to find heterogeneity sources. Quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. A total of 11 studies that enrolled 465 subjects were included in our meta‐analysis. Pooled results demonstrated a significant increase in interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) concentrations [Standardized mean difference (SMD = 2.69 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.26, 5.11; P = .03)]; however this result changed to insignificant (SMD = 0.54 pg/mL; 95% CI: −1.29, 2.27; P > .05) when sensitivity analysis performed. A marginal decreasing effect were also found on interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (SMD = −0.72 mg/dL; 95% CI: −1.50, 0.07; P = .073) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels (SMD = −0.65; 95% CI: −1.37, 0.08; P = .08). In addition, results of subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in IL‐6 and TBARS concentrations when the baseline body mass index (BMI) of participants was lower than 25 kg/m2. Moreover, spirulina had no significant effect on tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (SMD = −0.07 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.33, 0.18; P = .56) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (SMD = −0.42; 95% CI: −0.98, 0.14; P = .14). Spirulina consumption contributed to a significant increase in IL‐2 concentrations changing to insignificant after sensitivity analysis and marginal decreasing effects on IL‐6 and TBARS levels. No considerable impacts were observed on TNF‐α and MDA concentrations.

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“…More recently, the beneficial effects of SPI in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis have been examined in rats. 15 The effects of SPI extracts have never been explored in DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in mice. The DSS model is one of the most used approaches to study inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is believed to resemble the features of flares in UC 13 and CD (mainly transmural inflammation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing Key Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

Garcia

Sales‐Campos

Yuen

et al. 2020

Korean J Gastroenterol

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Background/Aims: Therapies aimed at modulating cytokines have been used to treat inflammatory illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease. On the other hand, patients may become intolerant, refractory, or present with several side effects. Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (SPI) is a blue-green microalga with bioactive molecules that have been evaluated to treat inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, few studies have examined their effects on the production of specific cytokines and the intestinal architecture in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Therefore, this study examined the effects of a treatment using SPI in a murine model of intestinal inflammation. Methods: All mice (C57BL/6 male) were evaluated daily for their food and water intake, bodyweight variations, and clinical signs of disease. Colon inflammation was induced by exposure to DSS for 6 consecutive days. SPI was given orally at 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day. ELISA was performed to assess the production of cytokines. Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide were also investigated. The level of microscopic damage was assessed by staining colon sections with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: SPI attenuated the DSS-induced inflammation, with improvements in the clinical signs and a decrease in the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. In addition, particularly at 250 mg/kg, SPI attenuated the severity of colitis by modulating the level of mucosal and submucosal cell infiltration, which preserved the epithelial barrier. Conclusions: SPI may be an alternative source of bioactive molecules with immunomodulatory properties, and has great potential to be used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

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Protective Effect of Spirulina platensis Extract against Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Cited by 28 publications

References 77 publications

Spirulina platensis alleviates chronic inflammation with modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rats fed a high‐fat diet

Spirulina platensis alleviates chronic inflammation with modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rats fed a high‐fat diet

Spirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing Key Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

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