Protective effect of alpha-pinene against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction through NF-κB signaling pathway

Abstract

Monoterpenes present in the essential oils exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of alpha-pinene (AP), a monoterpene, against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction and inflammation in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with AP (50 mg/kg body weight (bw)) administration for 21 days and ISO (85 mg/kg bw) was administered subcutaneously for last two consecutive days (20th day and 21st day). We noticed that there was an increased activity of cardiac marker enzymes in ISO-treated rats. We also observed that elevated levels of lipid peroxidative indices decreased activities of antioxidant status in plasma, erythrocyte, and heart tissue in ISO-induced rats. Furthermore, ISO-treated rats showed an increase in the levels of inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum. Besides, we confirmed the upregulated expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in ISO-induced rat heart tissue. Conversely, we found that AP pretreatment significantly decreased levels of cardiac markers like serum cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I, lipid peroxidative markers, and restored antioxidants status in ISO-treated rats. Besides, AP administration attenuated ISO-induced inflammatory marker expression. The present findings demonstrated that AP significantly protects the myocardium and exerts cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental rats.

Boeravinone B alleviates gut dysbiosis during myocardial infarction‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats

“…It is well known that caspase‐3 activation significantly induces the final stage of apoptosis. Previous research showed the relationship between MI and apoptosis 2,4,5 . In this experiment, we found that the BB treatment decreased Bax and caspase‐3 expression and simultaneously increased Bcl‐2 expression in ISO‐induced MI rats.…”

“…Isoproterenol has been related to an increase in serum lipids, which simultaneously leads to an increase in the risk of coronary heart disease 4,5 . ISO‐induced MI rats showed the boosted levels of LDL, TC, VLDL, TG and suppressed level of HDL, showing a positive relationship with myocardial infarction.…”

“…The clinical symptoms of myocardial dysfunction and necrosis include electrocardiographic changes, changes in blood pressure, left ventricular dysfunction and changes in heart beat rate. These symptoms arise as a result of the boosting of cardiac specific proteins level in the circulation 4,5 . The level of cardiac troponins frequently correlated with myocardial inflammation and infarction‐related proteins that increased the risk of heart attack.…”

“…Oxidative stress is involved in damaging the myocardial structure during cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, evidence suggests that oxidative stress is an indicative of reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants in myocardium 5,8 . During oxidative stress, the activity of endogenous antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was seen to be greatly decreased leading to the induction of lipid peroxidation.…”

Recent studies on pinene and its biological and pharmacological activities

“…Herein, we summarize the recent published findings on the biological and pharmacological activities of pinene (Table 1 (Tab. 1) ; References in Table 1: Bouzenna et al, 2017[ 3 ]; Cardoso et al, 2020[ 4 ]; Chen et al, 2015[ 5 ]; de Macêdo et al, 2018[ 6 ]; do Amaral et al, 2020[ 7 ]; Ensaka and Sakamoto, 2020[ 8 ]; Felipe et al, 2019[ 10 ]; Govindarajan et al, 2016[ 11 ]; Hou et al, 2019[ 12 ]; İnce et al, 2018[ 13 ]; Jensen et al, 2020[ 14 ]; Jo et al, 2021[ 15 ]; Karthikeyan et al, 2018[ 17 ], 2019[ 16 ]; Kasuya et al, 2015[ 18 ]; Khoshnazar et al, 2019[ 19 ], 2020[ 20 ]; Kim et al, 2015[ 21 ]; Kovač et al, 2015[ 22 ]; Kusuhara et al, 2019[ 23 ]; Langsi et al, 2020[ 24 ]; Lee et al, 2017[ 25 ]; Li et al, 2016[ 28 ]; Memariani et al, 2017[ 29 ]; Meng et al, 2020[ 30 ]; Min et al, 2020[ 32 ]; Moreira et al, 2016[ 33 ]; Nóbrega et al, 2020[ 34 ]; Pajaro-Castro et al, 2017[ 35 ]; Pinheiro et al, 2015[ 36 ]; Porres-Martínez et al, 2016[ 37 ]; Rodrigues et al, 2015[ 39 ]; Šimunović et al, 2020[ 41 ]; Ueno et al, 2019[ 44 ], 2020[ 43 ]; Wang et al, 2019[ 46 ]; Xu et al, 2018[ 47 ]; Yang et al, 2016[ 48 ]; Zamyad et al, 2019[ 50 ]; Zhang et al, 2015[ 52 ], 202[ 51 ]0; Zhao et al, 2018[ 53 ]).…”