“…The protein homeostasis (or proteostasis) is supported by a network of pathways that include: degradation - the ubiquitin proteasome and the ER–associated degradation systems; posttranslational modification -phosphorylation, acylation, and oxidation; and protein synthesis/folding/unfolding - ribosomes, the unfolded protein response (UPR) and HSF1 (Roth and Balch, 2011; Li et al, 2013; Díaz-Villanueva JF, Díaz-Molina, 2015). ER stress appears to be a common neuronal response to axonal injury: ER stress and activation of UPR has been implicated in RGC degeneration caused by ONT (Pernet et al, 2012), ONC (Hu et al, 2012; Jiang et al, 2013; Yasuda et al, 2014; Lindsey et al, 2015) and OH (Doh et al, 2010; Shimazawa et al, 2007). HSF1, as one of the important sensors of proteotoxic stress, plays a critical role in the heat shock response network that regulates the expression of molecular chaperones, such as HSPs, as well as proteinases and other inducible genes for protection and recovery from diverse forms of environmental and physiological stress.…”