protecting one's self from a stigmatized disease… once one has it

Working under cover: performance‐related self‐confidence among members of contextually devalued groups who try to pass

“…However, people often have a choice of whether or not to reveal their (devalued) group membership to others. This choice is clearly present when group memberships are not visible (as sexual orientation, certain mental and physical illnesses, and devalued professions; Holmes & River, 1998;Lee & Craft, 2002), but even identities which are usually visible may in some contexts be hidden, allowing for selfpresentation on the basis of a more positive identity (e.g., when interacting through the internet; Jaffe, Lee, Huang, & Oshagan, 1999). Passing as a member of a more positively evaluated group is thus an identity management strategy available to those who anticipate becoming targets of prejudice or discrimination in a particular context and who aim to avoid that type of treatment (Croteau, 1996).…”

Experiences of adults providing care to a partner or relative with depression: A meta-ethnographic synthesis

“…According to Lee and Craft (2002), stigma provides a form of symbolic negative social feedback that acts as a barrier to the process of 'self-verification' (confirming ones previously held self-image). Social relationships are necessary in order for individuals to self-verify but there is always a risk of rejection if the secret (the person with depression) is disclosed, hence the dilemma outlined by Lee and Craft (2002).…”

“…Social relationships are necessary in order for individuals to self-verify but there is always a risk of rejection if the secret (the person with depression) is disclosed, hence the dilemma outlined by Lee and Craft (2002). This highlights the importance of social relationships in the management of perceived stigma.…”

“…Several studies reveal that stigma played a role in preventing the provision of or seeking of support in the community or from professionals and thus continuing to tackle this is critical for supporting caregivers at the stage of 'overcoming challenges'. Lee and Craft (2002) …”

Psychological and Social Correlates of HIV Status Disclosure: The Significance of Stigma Visibility

“…Numerous studies have documented negative reactions to HIV status disclosure (Alonzo & Reynolds, 1995;Black & Miles, 2002) and the subsequent detrimental consequences for psychological well-being (Bing et al, 2001;Heckman et al, 2004;Pence, Miller, Whetten, Eron, & Gaynes, 2006;Stutterheim et al, 2009) and social relationships (Lee & Craft, 2002), thus suggesting that it would be wise to keep one's HIV status a secret. Others have shown that concealing a stigmatized condition also has very substantial psychological and social costs, including stress (Greenberg & Stone, 1992;Pennebaker, Colder, & Sharp, 1990), poor mental health outcomes (Derlega, Winstead, Oldfield, & Barbee, 2003;Steward et al, 2008;Ullrich, Lutgendorf, & Stapleton, 2003), strained social interactions (Smart & Wegner, 1999), social isolation (Corrigan & Matthews, 2003;Remennick, 2000), and the insufficient provision of social support (Alonzo & Reynolds, 1995;Chesney & Smith, 1999).…”