Prostate-specific antigen in the breast

Parish, D C

doi:10.1677/erc.0.0050223

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…PSA is the most important marker in prostatic disease, but represents a protein with a wide variety of applications in a number of disorders. The literature on extraprostatic PSA is accumulating at an alarming rate, in terms of both original papers and review articles, by a variety of researchers [144][145][146]. Further study will potentiate the utility of this molecule in the detection and treatment of breast disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diagnostic and prognostic utility of prostate-specific antigen for diseases of the breast

Black

Diamandis

2000

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most valuable tumor marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate carcinoma, it is widely accepted that PSA is not prostate specific. Numerous studies have shown that PSA is present in some female hormonally regulated tissues, principally the breast and its secretions. In this review, we summarize the findings of PSA in the breast, and focus on its potential for clinical applications in breast disease. PSA is produced by the majority of breast tumors and is a favorable indicator of prognosis in breast cancer. Low levels of PSA are released into the female circulation, and while the level of serum PSA is elevated in both benign and malignant breast disease, the molecular form of circulating PSA differs between women with and without breast cancer. These findings indicate that PSA may have potential diagnostic utility in breast cancer. PSA may also have a clinical application in benign breast disease, as both the level and molecular form of PSA differ between Type I and II breast cysts. High levels of PSA have been reported in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and recent studies have shown that the concentration of PSA in NAF is inversely related to breast cancer risk, indicating that NAF PSA may represent a clinical tool for breast cancer risk assessment. Thus, PSA represents a marker with numerous potential clinical applications as a diagnostic and/or prognostic tool in breast disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diagnostic and prognostic utility of prostate-specific antigen for diseases of the breast

Black

Diamandis

2000

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…Germline mutations in breast cancer predisposition genes 1/2 (BRCA1/2), especially in the BRCA2 gene, are predictive factors for prostate cancer also [ 145 , 146 ]. On the other hand, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is found in normal breast tissues and fluids, in breast tumors, and in benign breast disease [ 147 ]. PBOV1 gene is overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer [ 148 ].…”

Section: The Prostate Gland Is a Tumor-like Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian tumor-like organs. 1. The role of tumor-like normal organs and atypical tumor organs in the evolution of development (carcino-evo-devo)

Kozlov

2022

Infect Agents Cancer

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Background Earlier I hypothesized that hereditary tumors might participate in the evolution of multicellular organisms. I formulated the hypothesis of evolution by tumor neofunctionalization, which suggested that the evolutionary role of hereditary tumors might consist in supplying evolving multicellular organisms with extra cell masses for the expression of evolutionarily novel genes and the origin of new cell types, tissues, and organs. A new theory—the carcino-evo-devo theory—has been developed based on this hypothesis. Main text My lab has confirmed several non-trivial predictions of this theory. Another non-trivial prediction is that evolutionarily new organs if they originated from hereditary tumors or tumor-like structures, should recapitulate some tumor features in their development. This paper reviews the tumor-like features of evolutionarily novel organs. It turns out that evolutionarily new organs such as the eutherian placenta, mammary gland, prostate, the infantile human brain, and hoods of goldfishes indeed have many features of tumors. I suggested calling normal organs, which have many tumor features, the tumor-like organs. Conclusion Tumor-like organs might originate from hereditary atypical tumor organs and represent the part of carcino-evo-devo relationships, i.e., coevolution of normal and neoplastic development. During subsequent evolution, tumor-like organs may lose the features of tumors and the high incidence of cancer and become normal organs without (or with almost no) tumor features.

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