Prospects and risks of the use of castor oil as a fuel

Scholz, Volkhard; Silva, Jadir Nogueira da

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.08.004

Cited by 241 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Ricinoleic acid, in which there is a hydroxyl group, shows special chemical and physical properties such as high density and viscosity, high hygroscopicity, low iodine value and high solubility in alcohols. The latter property promotes transesterification reaction even at low temperature [8], [26]. The use of acid or basic catalysis in transesterification reaction depends on the acid value of the raw material.…”

Section: A Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil under Subcritical Methanol Conditions

Sánchez‍¹,

Martín²,

Martínez³

et al. 2015

IJESD

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Abstract-Biodiesel is a potentially sustainably renewable fuel for diesel engines; transesterification is the most used method to produce it and high quality vegetable oils are the most usual raw material. Non-edible vegetable oils such as castor oil can provide an alternative feedstock. In this work biodiesel was obtained by transesterification of castor oil with subcritical methanol; the reaction was carried out in an hermetic reactor at temperatures higher than methanol boiling point and with a small amount of potassium methoxide as catalyst. The effect of methanol:oil molar ratios were analyzed, observing that high proportion of alcohol is needed to reach high ester content, the best results were reached with 24:1 MeOH:oil molar ratio. Regarding catalyst concentration, 8.7 mM (0.12 wt%) were enough to achieve good results. A temperature of 150 º C and 1 h of reaction, at 10 bar, were the mildest conditions to reach an ester content higher than 90 wt %. The highest ester content, 94.7 wt %, was achieved at 220 º C, 36 bar and 4 h of reaction time. Hence good quality biodiesel from castor oil can be produced in subcritical methanol conditions, using a small amount of basic catalyst.

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Section: A Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Castor oil seeds usually contain 40 -55 % oil and the average yield of castor oil seed in the world is about 1.1 t· ha -1 , although it may be possible to obtain a maximum of 4.2 t· ha -1 . Therefore, castor is amongst the plants with the highest oil yield potential [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil under Subcritical Methanol Conditions

Sánchez‍¹,

Martín²,

Martínez³

et al. 2015

IJESD

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“…Com o aumento da massa molar, a mobilidade na cadeia molecular é maior, levando à diminuição da T g . 5 No entanto, observa-se um elevado valor de tan δ (aproximadamente 60 °C), indicando que o binder considerado não Nota-se que o pico da curva de E" encontra-se a -32 ºC, o que mostra a esperada redução na T g , cujo valor para binders e compósi-tos baseados no polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (PBLH) varia de -55 a -70 ºC, segundo a literatura. O valor de -32 ºC aproxima-se à faixa de T g indicada para binders e compósitos com aplicações em combustíveis e propelentes sólidos, de -40 a -54 ºC.…”

Section: Resultados Dmta Para Os Binders Baseados Em Propileno Glicolunclassified

“…O Brasil se tornou o maior produtor mundial da mamona devido à sua fácil adaptação, e seu cultivo é feito principalmente nas lavouras do nordeste do país devido à sua resistência a longos períodos de estiagem, tornando-se de grande importância para a economia local. [5][6][7] O óleo de mamona é um líquido amarelo, viscoso e de forte odor, comumente obtido por prensagem direta da semente ou extração com solvente. Na fabricação de poliuretanos, vem sendo usado em diversas aplicações como lubrificantes e óleos de processo, matéria--prima para combustíveis, espumas poliméricas, revestimentos e tintas, [8][9][10] na indústria cosmética e farmacêutica 11,12 e na medicina com a confecção de próteses de ossos com reduzida rejeição.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Síntese de poliuretanos modificados por óleo de mamona empregados em materiais energéticos

Rocha¹,

Lima²,

Gomes³

et al. 2013

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 8/8/12; aceito em 7/1/13; publicado na web em 21/3/13 SYNTHESIS OF MODIFIED POLYURETHANES BASED ON CASTOR OIL EMPLOYED IN ENERGETIC MATERIALS. The aim of this work was to synthesize a polyurethane polymer matrix using castor oil as a polymer chain modifier, whose characteristics can be adjusted for use as a binder in the manufacture of energetic materials such as propellant and pyrotechnics for aerospace use. We attempted the partial substitution of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), a pre-polymer commonly used as a starting polyol in obtaining energetic matrix composites. Thermoanalytical techniques were employed to characterize the material based on castor oil and the unmodified HTPB. The results showed similar behaviors, confirming the possibility of their use as polymer matrix composites through the proposed adaptations.Keywords: hidroxyl terminated polybutadiene; castor oil; energetic materials. INTRODUÇÃOUm grão propelente sólido empregado em motores-foguete deve apresentar características balísticas adequadas e comportamento mecânico pré-definido em projeto, o que impõe o emprego de matérias--primas e processos de fabricação específicos para a formulação do combustível em função do projeto do motor.As formulações de propelentes e combustíveis sólidos do tipo compósito caracterizam-se como elastômeros altamente carregados, aglomerados por um binder polimérico. 1 O binder, ou matriz elastomérica, é a fase contínua que aglomera as partículas sólidas de metal combustível e oxidante. Além disso, fornece as propriedades mecâ-nicas adequadas para que o grão resultante seja capaz de resistir às solicitações mecânicas e térmicas durante as fases de vôo, transporte, manuseio e combustão. É importante o binder apresentar afinidade com as partes constituintes do motor-foguete, tais como proteção térmica e os componentes metálicos. 2 Para a obtenção do binder, utiliza-se o poliol, que é uma resina de alta massa molar. Atualmente, o principal poliol (ou pré--polímero) de partida usado na obtenção da matriz polimérica de combustíveis e propelentes sólidos de motores-foguete e artefatos militares 2 é o polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (PBLH), cuja fórmula estrutural é (CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 -CH 2 ) n (OH) 2 . Esse poliol possui a característica de suportar altos carregamentos de materiais particulados sem alterar significativamente suas propriedades mecânicas originais. Além disso, o elastômero nele baseado apresenta T g igual a -55 ºC, 3,4 compatível com as condições de operação às quais o grão pode vir a encontrar durante a trajetória do vôo de motores propulsores.No Brasil, resinas do tipo PBLH eram produzidas pela Petroflex S/A sob as marcas Liquiflex, Liquiflex H e Liquiflex P. O tipo utilizado para aplicações em propelentes e combustíveis sólidos era o Liquiflex H, devido ao seu maior teor de hidroxila, o que possibilita o aumento de ligações cruzadas por exigir uma maior quantidade de diisocianato. Porém, a produção de PBLH no Brasil foi descontinuada, tornando necessária a síntese de um poliol alte...

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“…Castor oil has the remarkable ability to withstand high and low temperatures [41] while its high content in hydroxylated fatty acid (ricinoleic acid) makes it more stable against oxidation and higher in oxygen content than other oils. The fuel-related properties of castor oil with the high density (0.956 to 0.963 g/ml at 20°C, above the maximum limit in EN 14214 European biodiesel specification), viscosity under 50°C and hygroscopicity suggest that castor biodiesel cannot be used in its pure form [42][43][44][45][46], but rather in blends with regular diesel or biodiesel made with other lipid feedstocks. Importantly, biodiesel made of castor oil has lower cost compared to other vegetable oil feedstocks because it is the only oil that is soluble in alcohol and does not require heat and the consequent energy requirement of other vegetable oils in transforming them into fuel [47].…”

Section: Benefits and Disadvantages Of Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels Get in the Fast Lane: Developments in Plant Feedstock Production and Processing

Triantafyllidis¹

2013

Adv Crop Sci Tech

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In recent years, high volatility in oil prices and global climate change led to an increased interest in biofuel production to reduce dependency on foreign fossil fuel. Domestically produced plant feedstocks are environmentally friendly renewable substitutes for fossil-derived fuel and are expected to stabilize fuel prices. Plant-derived energy can offer rural development and other environmental, social and energy security benefits for local societies. Crops, grasses, trees, forest-residues and aquatic plants, all can be used as potential biofuel feedstocks. To meet the increased global and regional demand for bioenergy, evaluation and improvement of current and emergent plant feedstocks is urgently needed to reduce the cost of the resulting biofuels.

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Prospects and risks of the use of castor oil as a fuel

Cited by 241 publications

References 7 publications

Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil under Subcritical Methanol Conditions

Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil under Subcritical Methanol Conditions

Síntese de poliuretanos modificados por óleo de mamona empregados em materiais energéticos

Biofuels Get in the Fast Lane: Developments in Plant Feedstock Production and Processing

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