“…We chose to use the data frame theory because chronic pain management is a classic sensemaking activity, characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and changing conditions. Sensemaking theory has been used to characterize key aspects of performance in surgical teams (Rosness, Evjemo, Haavik, Waerø 2016), air traffic control (Malakis and Kontogiannis 2014), military command and control (Jensen 2009), pilots (Rankin, Woltjer, Field 2016), and rail signal operators (Siegel and Schraagen 2017). PCCs must make choices about a patient's pain management plan, often without a clear understanding of the cause of the patient's pain, and with the presence of complicating factors such as a mental health diagnosis, and the patient's lack of social support.…”