Prospective of colon cancer treatments and scope for combinatorial approach to enhanced cancer cell apoptosis

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the western world. It is also the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States with a recent estimate for new cases of colorectal cancer in the year 2012 being around 103,170. Various risk factors for colorectal cancer include life-style, diet, age, personal and family history, and racial and ethnic background. While a few cancers are certainly preventable but this does not hold true for colon cancer as it is often detected in its advanced stage and generally not diagnosed until symptoms become apparent. Despite the fact that several options are available for treating this cancer through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and nutritional-supplement therapy, but the success rates are not very encouraging when used alone where secondary complications appear in almost all these therapies. To maximize the therapeutic-effects in patients, combinatorial approaches are essential. In this review we have discussed the therapies previously and currently available to patients diagnosed with colorectal-cancer, focus on some recent developments in basic research that has shaded lights on new therapeutic-concepts utilizing macrophages/dendritic cells, natural killer cells, gene delivery, siRNA-, and microRNA-technology, and specific-targeting of tyrosine kinases that are either mutated or over-expressed in the cancerous cell to treat these cancer. Potential strategies are discussed where these concepts could be applied to the existing therapies under a comprehensive approach to enhance the therapeutic effects.

Role of Janus Kinase 3 in Predisposition to Obesity-associated Metabolic Syndrome

“…Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the first organ that interacts with dietary components and luminal microbiota both of which are known to regulate diabesity (16,17,23,24). Our previous works show multiple roles of mucosal Jak3 in the regulation of intestinal functions including mucosal cytoskeletal remodeling (25), intestinal restitution (26), mucosal homeostasis and differentiation (27), mucosal barrier functions (28), trans-molecular regulation of Jak3 activation, and assessment of Jak3-directed therapies (29,30). Recently, we reported that loss of colonic mucosal expression of Jak3 not only led to reduced mucin expression and development of intestinal CLGI in mice but they also had tendency of gaining body weight, a phenotype consistent with human metabolic syndrome (28).…”

Histone deacetylase inhibitor pracinostat in doublet therapy: a unique strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy and to tackle herculean cancer chemoresistance

“…Chemotherapy is used in combination with surgery in metastatic cases and to tackle advanced stage tumours (Mishra et al 2013;Ganai 2015). The prognosis of colon cancer patients has improved to a greater extent due to advanced therapeutic approaches (Carrato 2008;Mishra et al 2013). Despite the advanced therapies, there are certain cases that are refractory emphasizing the desperate need to develop novel target therapies for such monotonous cases (Ganai 2015).…”

“…Surgical removal of affected area is the principal therapy for colorectal cancer (Hind et al 1992;Mishra et al 2013;Ganai 2015). Chemotherapy is used in combination with surgery in metastatic cases and to tackle advanced stage tumours (Mishra et al 2013;Ganai 2015). The prognosis of colon cancer patients has improved to a greater extent due to advanced therapeutic approaches (Carrato 2008;Mishra et al 2013).…”

“…During 2015, this cancer is expected to cause 49 700 deaths. Surgical removal of affected area is the principal therapy for colorectal cancer (Hind et al 1992;Mishra et al 2013;Ganai 2015). Chemotherapy is used in combination with surgery in metastatic cases and to tackle advanced stage tumours (Mishra et al 2013;Ganai 2015).…”

<i>In vitro</i> Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Extracts of Mangrove Plant, <i>Phoenix paludosa</i> Roxb

“…Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, immune therapy and surgery have shown limited success in the treatment of cancers [1]. Therefore, it is imperative to search for additional anti-cancer drugs in the treatment and management of cancers.…”