Prospective Investigation of Metabolic Characteristics in Relation to Weight Gain in Older Adults: The Hoorn Study

Abstract

The objective of this investigation was to determine the relation between baseline glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels and subsequent 6‐year weight and waist change in older men and women without diabetes in a prospective cohort study. Participants were 1,198 Dutch men and women without diabetes who were aged 50–77 years when baseline metabolic and anthropometric measurements were evaluated (1989–1991). Approximately 6 years later, body weight and waist circumference were re‐measured at a follow‐up examination (1996–1998). Metabolic variables (fasting plasma glucose, 2‐h postchallenge plasma glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), adiponectin, and leptin) were evaluated as predictors of changes in weight and waist circumference. Postchallenge plasma glucose (mmol/l) significantly predicted less gain in both weight and waist circumference (β = −0.28 kg, s.e. = 0.11; β = −0.31 cm, s.e. = 0.14, respectively) during follow‐up. Leptin (µg/l) significantly predicted greater increases in weight (β = 0.29 kg, s.e. = 0.07) and waist (β = 0.16 cm, s.e. = 0.08) among men and in waist among women (β = 0.06 cm, s.e. = 0.02). Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) predicted an increase in waist among women (β = 1.59 cm, s.e. = 0.63), but not in men (β = −0.74 cm, s.e. = 0.55). Adiponectin and insulin did not predict weight or waist change. The authors conclude that lower postchallenge plasma glucose and higher fasting leptin levels significantly predicted long‐term increases in weight and waist circumference. In contrast, measures of insulin resistance and adiponectin were not associated with weight change in this cohort of older persons without diabetes.

Leptin and Leptin-to-Adiponectin Ratio Predict Adiposity Gain in Nonobese Children over a Six-Year Period

“…However, there is a lack of studies investigating the prospective effects of hypoadiponectinemia on the development of obesity in humans. Hypoadiponectinemia was not causally associated with increasing adiposity in obese Pima Indians, 39 elderly white individuals, 36,40 or overweight Afro-Jamaicans. 41 In contrast, there was a significant positive relationship between weight change and baseline adiponectin levels in healthy women who did not develop diabetes over a long follow-up period.…”

Guava leaf extracts promote glucose metabolism in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/Izm rats by improving insulin resistance in skeletal muscle

“…Obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance and T2DM [29]. In T2DM and obese individuals, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle is markedly impaired, because excess fat can deposit and accumulate in the myocytes, impairing insulin sensitivity [30].…”

Effect of mulberry leaf (Folium Mori) on insulin resistance via IRS-1/PI3K/Glut-4 signalling pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats

“…In T2DM individuals, insulin-stimulated glucose deposits in skeletal muscles could be disrupted, resulting in excess fat accumulation in the myocytes (Simoneau et al 1999). In addition, the change in fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscles was associated with the development of insulin resistance (Wedick et al 2009). In the current study, administration of FME in diabetic rats for 4 weeks significantly decreased the body weight, while improving abnormal fat accumulation in skeletal muscles.…”