Prospective Efficient Ambient Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT-Equipped Sensor Applications

Mishu, Mahmuda Khatun; Rokonuzzaman, Md.; Pasupuleti, Jagadeesh; Shakeri, Mohammad Taghi; Rahman, Kazi Sajedur; Hamid, Fazrena Azlee; Tiong, Sieh Kiong; Amin, Nowshad

doi:10.3390/electronics9091345

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…In this section, the results obtained by the measurement of the prototyped chips are presented and discussed, where three branched configuration has been chosen for implementation as described in Section 2.1 in more detail. The selected configuration is capable to exploit the common power availability in 10–100 µW range of different energy harvester types used for IoT applications without significant form-factor violation, where the thermoelectric, bio-fuel cell or RF-based harvesters could be good candidates for utilization [ 1 ]. In order to better show the features of the proposed self-powered CP system, the measurements were performed without and with a RF energy harvester.…”

Section: Measurement and Achieved Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

Potocny¹,

Kovac²,

Arbet³

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The power saving issue and clean energy harvesting for wireless and cost-affordable electronics (e.g., IoT applications, sensor nodes or medical implants), have recently become attractive research topics. With this in mind, the paper addresses one of the most important parts of the energy conversion system chain – the power management unit. The core of such a unit will be formed by an inductorless, low-voltage DC-DC converter based on the cross-coupled dynamic-threshold charge pump topology. The charge pump utilizes a power-efficient ON/OFF regulation feedback loop, specially designed for strict low-voltage start-up conditions by a driver booster. Taken together, they serve as the masters to control the charge pump output (up to 600 mV), depending on the voltage value produced by a renewable energy source available in the environment. The low-power feature is also ensured by a careful design of the hysteresis-based bulk-driven comparator and fully integrated switched-capacitor voltage divider, omitting the static power consumption. The presented converter can also employ the on-chip RF-based energy harvester for use in a wireless power transfer system.

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Section: Measurement and Achieved Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy harvesters (EHs) are based on converting an alternative energy source to electrical energy [ 1 ]. Among others, photovoltaic, thermoelectric [ 2 ], piezoelectric [ 3 , 4 ], acoustic [ 5 ], triboelectric [ 6 ] or electromagnetic generators [ 7 , 8 ] are widely used for this purpose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

Potocny¹,

Kovac²,

Arbet³

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Therefore, all types of ambient energies such as RF energy, heat, light, or mechanical vibrations are intended to be transformed and stored in electrical energy to power IoT. [44] Electromagnetic energy harvesting in microwaves and millimeter-waves domains is based on an antenna or an antenna array terminated with a diode having the role of rectifying the electromagnetic field at zero bias. The antennas integrated with a diode are referred to as rectennas.…”

Section: Energy Harvesting Using Hfo 2 -Based Ferroelectricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HfO₂‐Based Ferroelectrics Applications in Nanoelectronics

Dragoman

Aldrigo

Dragoman

et al. 2021

Physica Rapid Research Ltrs

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In memoriam of Prof. Dan Dascalu IntroductionHafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) is the dielectric commonly used in fieldeffect transistors (FETs) fabricated in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies and, as such, retrieved in any very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. Examples of such circuits include microprocessors or complex analog integrated circuits found in daily applications, for instance, in computers, smartphones, laptops, or incorporated in cars, airplanes, or medical equipments. Since the discovery of HfO 2 as a dielectric for modern integrated circuits, increasing its permittivity was a leading research issue in itself because higher permittivity values allow decreasing the effective oxide thickness (EOT), and so the leakage current; this is especially important when billions of Si FETs are integrated on a single chip. The solution found to boost the permittivity of HfO 2 is represented by structural phase transformations. [1] HfO 2 has its lowest electrical permittivity (ε r % 18) in its stable phase, which is the monoclinic phase. Higher permittivity values, of ε r % 27 in the cubic phase and ε r % 70 in the tetragonal phase, are achieved, nonetheless, in phases that are stable only at very high temperatures, exceeding 1700 C. The decrease in these temperatures is possible, however, by HfO 2 doping. Thus, the cubic and the tetragonal phases were first obtained at lower temperatures via Y doping [1] and, respectively, Si doping, [2] whereas a stable HfO 2 tetragonal phase at nearly room temperature was observed by growing HfO 2 via atomic layer deposition (ALD) and doping it with ZrO 2 . [3,4] As described in the recent review, [5] the stabilization of these phases is determined by the concentration of dopants, the annealing temperature, and the growing methods.These initial investigations focused on increasing the permittivity of HfO 2 lead eventually to the discovery of the orthorhombic phase of HfO 2 , which was associated with HfO 2 ferroelectricity. [6,7] This phase is obtained under different growth conditions in the presence of dopants, including those mentioned earlier, and requires strict control of dopant concentration, temperature, and mechanical strain. The most used orthorhombic HfO 2 -based ferroelectric, named further as Hf ZrO, is doped with Zr and is usually grown at the wafer level, up to 300 mm, using ALD. It thus benefits from the state-of-the-art CMOS technology. More recently, using Zr-doping and pulsed laser deposition (PLD), another rhombohedral phase of HfO 2 was discovered to be also ferroelectric. [7] The rhombohedral or orthorhombic Hf ZrO are ferroelectrics with similar electric performances; the origin of stable ferroelectricity in both cases being due to the induced strain between the top and/or down substrates sandwiching Hf ZrO. [8] Doping or strain application modifies the atomic structure of a material and can induce a phase transition, in particular can induce ferroelectricity in HfO 2 . Similarly, HfO 2 can transform into a weak magnetic material [9...

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“…In 1821, Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered an electric current could exist between two wires separated by a small distance. In honor of the inventor, this effect is formally known as the 'Seebeck effect' [24,35]. A Seebeck effect module or thermoelectric generator (TEG) is used in the thermal EH system, transforming the thermal energy into electric energy [35][36][37].…”

Section: Thermal Energy Harvesting Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Adaptive TE-PV Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Self-Powered IoT Sensor Applications

Mishu

Rokonuzzaman

Pasupuleti

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, an integrated thermoelectric (TE) and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid energy harvesting system (HEHS) is proposed for self-powered internet of thing (IoT)-enabled wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed system can run at a minimum of 0.8 V input voltage under indoor light illumination of at least 50 lux and a minimum temperature difference, ∆T = 5 °C. At the lowest illumination and temperature difference, the device can deliver 0.14 W of power. At the highest illumination of 200 lux and ∆T = 13 °C, the device can deliver 2.13 W. The developed HEHS can charge a 0.47 F, 5.5 V supercapacitor (SC) up to 4.12 V at the combined input voltage of 3.2 V within 17 s. In the absence of any energy sources, the designed device can back up the complete system for 92 s. The sensors can successfully send 39 data string to the webserver within this time at a two-second data transmission interval. A message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) based IoT framework with a customised smartphone application ‘MQTT dashboard’ is developed and integrated with an ESP32 Wi-Fi module to transmit, store, and monitor the sensors data over time. This research, therefore, opens up new prospects for self-powered autonomous IoT sensor systems under fluctuating environments and energy harvesting regimes, however, utilising available atmospheric light and thermal energy.

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Prospective Efficient Ambient Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT-Equipped Sensor Applications

Cited by 59 publications

References 119 publications

Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

HfO₂‐Based Ferroelectrics Applications in Nanoelectronics

An Adaptive TE-PV Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Self-Powered IoT Sensor Applications

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Prospective Efficient Ambient Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT-Equipped Sensor Applications

Cited by 59 publications

References 119 publications

Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

HfO2‐Based Ferroelectrics Applications in Nanoelectronics

An Adaptive TE-PV Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Self-Powered IoT Sensor Applications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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HfO₂‐Based Ferroelectrics Applications in Nanoelectronics