Prospective Comparison of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Adjorlolo-Johnson, Georgette; Cock, Kevin M. De; Ekpini, Ehounou R.; Vetter, Kathleen M.; Sibailly, Toussaint S.; Brattegaard, K.; Yavo, Daniel; Doorly, Ronan; Whitaker, J. P.; Kestens, Luc; Ou, Chin-Yih; George, J. Richard; Gayle, Helene

doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520060062033

Cited by 155 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These data are also consistent with previous studies conducted in other West African countries that observed a higher HIV-2 frequency among individuals over 49 years and a higher HIV-1 prevalence among younger individuals [30]–[32]. Lower frequency of children infected by vertical transmission was observed for HIV-2 (2.3%) compared with HIV-1 (16.0%) infected individuals, as described for other countries where both types circulate [33], [34]. All HIV-2 samples belonged to the predominant group A, as previously described in Cape Verde [18] and other West African countries [35], [36].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Profile of the HIV Epidemic in Cape Verde: Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Mutations among HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Patients from Distinct Islands of the Archipelago

et al. 2014

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HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been detected in Cape Verde since 1987, but little is known regarding the genetic diversity of these viruses in this archipelago, located near the West African coast. In this study, we characterized the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and described the occurrence of drug resistance mutations (DRM) among antiretroviral therapy naïve (ARTn) patients and patients under treatment (ARTexp) from different Cape Verde islands. Blood samples, socio-demographic and clinical-laboratory data were obtained from 221 HIV-positive individuals during 2010–2011. Phylogenetic and bootscan analyses of the pol region (1300 bp) were performed for viral subtyping. HIV-1 and HIV-2 DRM were evaluated for ARTn and ARTexp patients using the Stanford HIV Database and HIV-GRADE e.V. Algorithm Homepage, respectively. Among the 221 patients (169 [76.5%] HIV-1, 43 [19.5%] HIV-2 and 9 [4.1%] HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infections), 67% were female. The median ages were 34 (IQR = 1–75) and 47 (IQR = 12–84) for HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively. HIV-1 infections were due to subtypes G (36.6%), CRF02_AG (30.6%), F1 (9.7%), URFs (10.4%), B (5.2%), CRF05_DF (3.0%), C (2.2%), CRF06_cpx (0.7%), CRF25_cpx (0.7%) and CRF49_cpx (0.7%), whereas all HIV-2 infections belonged to group A. Transmitted DRM (TDRM) was observed in 3.4% (2/58) of ARTn HIV-1-infected patients (1.7% NRTI, 1.7% NNRTI), but not among those with HIV-2. Among ARTexp patients, DRM was observed in 47.8% (33/69) of HIV-1 (37.7% NRTI, 37.7% NNRTI, 7.4% PI, 33.3% for two classes) and 17.6% (3/17) of HIV-2-infections (17.6% NRTI, 11.8% PI, 11.8% both). This study indicates that Cape Verde has a complex and unique HIV-1 molecular epidemiological scenario dominated by HIV-1 subtypes G, CRF02_AG and F1 and HIV-2 subtype A. The occurrence of TDRM and the relatively high level of DRM among treated patients are of concern. Continuous monitoring of patients on ART, including genotyping, are public policies to be implemented.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Profile of the HIV Epidemic in Cape Verde: Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Mutations among HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Patients from Distinct Islands of the Archipelago

et al. 2014

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“…As for other epidemics driven by unprotected sex work 56,57 , commercial sex contributed markedly to HIV transmission early in the HIV epidemic. This contribution diminished with time, however, partly due to rising condom use by FSW, reflecting the importance of sustaining FSW interventions 50,58,59 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Dynamics of HIV Transmission in Côte d'Ivoire: Modeling Who Acquired and Transmitted Infections and Estimating the Impact of Past HIV Interventions (1976–2015)

Maheu‐Giroux

Vesga

Diabaté

et al. 2017

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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Introduction Understanding the impact of past interventions and how it affected transmission dynamics is key to guiding prevention efforts. We estimated the population-level impact of condom, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities on HIV transmission and the contribution of key risk factors on HIV acquisition and transmission. Methods An age stratified dynamical model of sexual and vertical HIV transmission among the general population, female sex workers (FSW), and men who have sex with men (MSM) was calibrated to detailed prevalence and intervention data. We estimated the fraction of HIV infections averted by the interventions, and the fraction of incident infections acquired and transmitted by different populations over successive 10-year periods (1976-2015). Results Overall, condom use averted 61% (95% Credible Intervals: 56-66%) of all adult infections during 1987-2015 mainly due to increases by FSW (46% of infections averted). In comparison, ART prevented 15% (10-19%) of adult infections during 2010-2015. As a result, FSW initially (1976-1985) contributed 95% (91-97%) of all new infections, declining to 19% (11-27%) during 2005-2015. Older men and clients mixing with non-FSW are currently the highest contributor to transmission. MSM contributed ≤4% of transmission throughout. Young women (15-24 years; excluding FSW) did not transmit more infection than they acquired. Conclusion Early increases in condom use, mainly by FSW, have substantially reduced HIV transmission. Clients of FSW and older men have become the main source of transmission whereas young women remain at increased risk. Strengthening prevention and scaling-up of ART, particularly to FSW and CFSW, is important.

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“…HIV-2 is likely less prevalent due to its reduced transmissibility, which has been demonstrated for both sexual transmission and mother to child transmission [32–34]. Further, HIV-2 is generally less pathogenic than HIV-1, leading to AIDS in only ~25% of untreated individuals (compared to >95% for HIV-1) [35, 36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Strand Consensus Sequencing Reveals that HIV Type but not Subtype Significantly Impacts Viral Mutation Frequencies and Spectra

Rawson

Gohl

Landman

et al. 2017

Journal of Molecular Biology

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A long-standing question of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genetic variation and evolution has been whether differences exist in mutation rate and/or mutation spectra among HIV types (i.e., HIV-1 versus HIV-2) as well as among HIV groups (i.e., HIV-1 groups M-P and HIV-2 groups A-H) and HIV-1 Group M subtypes (i.e., subtypes A-D, F-H, and J-K). To address this, a new single-strand consensus sequencing assay was developed for the determination of HIV mutation frequencies and spectra using the Illumina sequencing platform. This assay enables parallel and standardized comparison of HIV mutagenesis among various viral vectors with lower background error than traditional methods of Illumina library preparation. We found significant differences in viral mutagenesis between HIV types but intriguingly no significant differences among HIV-1 Group M subtypes. More specifically, HIV-1 exhibited higher transition frequencies than HIV-2, due mostly to single G-to-A mutations and (to a lesser extent) G-to-A hypermutation. These data suggest that HIV-2 RT exhibits higher fidelity during viral replication, and, taken together, these findings demonstrate that HIV type but not subtype significantly affects viral mutation frequencies and spectra. These differences may inform antiviral and vaccine strategies.

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Prospective Comparison of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Cited by 155 publications

References 24 publications

Profile of the HIV Epidemic in Cape Verde: Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Mutations among HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Patients from Distinct Islands of the Archipelago

Profile of the HIV Epidemic in Cape Verde: Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Mutations among HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Patients from Distinct Islands of the Archipelago

Changing Dynamics of HIV Transmission in Côte d'Ivoire: Modeling Who Acquired and Transmitted Infections and Estimating the Impact of Past HIV Interventions (1976–2015)

Single-Strand Consensus Sequencing Reveals that HIV Type but not Subtype Significantly Impacts Viral Mutation Frequencies and Spectra

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