Proportions of Ammonia, Urea, Urate and Total Nitrogen in Avian Urine and Quantitative Methods for Their Analysis on a Single Urine Sample

McNabb, F. M. Anne; McNabb, Roger A.

doi:10.3382/ps.0541498

Cited by 80 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Nitrogenous compounds in excreta were extracted in 5 g/1 lithium carbonate solution and determined by the method of McNabb and McNabb (1975). Blood urea and ammonia were determined by the methods of McNabb and McNabb (1975) and Okuda and Fuji-i (1966), respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of caeca in the nitrogen nutrition of the chicken fed on a moderate protein diet or a low rotein diet plus urea

Karasawa

Maeda

1994

British Poultry Science

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1. A study was carried out to investigate whether the back-flow of urine into the caeca benefits the nitrogen economy of adult cockerels fed on a diet containing 100 g protein/kg and when dietary urea is absorbed, excreted into urine and utilised. 2. No significant effects of colostomy on nitrogen utilisation were observed in chickens fed on 100 g/kg protein diet, whereas colostomy was highly effective in decreasing it in chickens on a diet containing 50 g protein/kg plus urea (P < 0.05). 3. Nitrogen utilisation in conventional birds was significantly less when a diet of moderate protein content was fed than when a low protein diet plus urea was fed, but the opposite effect was seen with colostomised birds (P < 0.05). 4. Colostomy increased urea excretion (nitrogen/kg body weight/day) from 4 to 9 mg in chickens fed on the moderate protein diet, but greatly, from 45 to 182 mg, in those fed on the low protein diet plus urea (P < 0.05). 5. Blood urea concentration increased by about 20 mg per 100 ml in 3 h, a value which was maintained up to 6 h but which returned to the prefeeding concentration at 24 h; both control and colostomised chickens on the low protein diet plus urea responded similarly. 6. After feeding urea, half the daily excretion of urea was observed to occur within 6 and 9 h, respectively, in control and colostomised chickens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blood urea and ammonia were determined by the methods of McNabb and McNabb (1975) and Okuda and Fuji-i (1966), respectively. Total nitrogen was measured by a Kjeldahl method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of caeca in the nitrogen nutrition of the chicken fed on a moderate protein diet or a low rotein diet plus urea

Karasawa

Maeda

1994

British Poultry Science

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“…poultry) metabolize mainly uric acid (55% -72%) and some urea in lower proportion (2% -11%), the rest of protein metabolism product is ammonia (11% -21%) [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Urea in Petfood Matrices: Comparison of Spectro-Colorimetric, Enzymatic and Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods

Pibarot¹,

Pilard²

2012

AJAC

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Adulteration may consist in non authorized source of nitrogen addition to increase the protein content of some raw materials. Urea which is authorized for feed is a non nutritional source of nitrogen in food and pet food. Adulteration of food or pet food raw material by urea is thus monitored by manufacturer and governmental authorities with official methods which are either enzymatic (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, AOAC) or spectro-colorimetric (European Community, EC). Each method gives results which are not comparable and spectro-colorimetric methods may result in false-positive urea detection. Liquid chromatographic (LC/UV-DAD) analysis of extracts from spectrocolorimetric method indicates that presence of free amino-acid may interfere with colorimetric detection of urea in the EC method with pet food samples. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) has allowed to quantify low content (<0.01%) of urea in pet food water extracts for samples which resulted in significant urea detection with colorimetric method and in content below the detection threshold with enzymatic method. This study demonstrates the EC colorimetric method is not applicable to pet food and also food samples which have a complex composition with significant levels of free amino acids. On the other hand we clearly evidenced by means of the LC/ESI-HRMS results that the AOC Enzymatic method is applicable to urea quantification in pet food samples and gives reliable results.

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“…The samples were processed in the same way as in the previous study (Karasawa, 1989) and nitrogenous compounds were determined by the method of McNabb and McNabb (1975).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of colostomy on the utilisation of dietary nitrogen in the fowl fed on a low protein diet

Karasawa

Maeda

1992

British Poultry Science

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1. The effect of the inhibition of urine back-flow into the colon and caeca by colostomy on the utilisation of dietary nitrogen by fowls fed on a low protein diet and receiving free or restricted water supply was investigated. 2. Colostomy caused an increase in water excretion and a resultant increase in water intake to maintain water balance. 3. Colostomy tended to decrease nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilisation (N balance/N intake) to negative values, and these decreases became significant when water was restricted (P less than 0.05). 4. Excretory uric acid, ammonia, urea and total nitrogen were significantly increased after colostomy in water-restricted fowls (P less than 0.05), but such significant effects were not observed, except for ammonia, in fowls given water ad libitum. 5. It is concluded that the back-flow of urine into the caeca plays a significantly useful role in the utilisation of nitrogen in the fowl fed on a low protein diet especially when water intake is restricted.

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Proportions of Ammonia, Urea, Urate and Total Nitrogen in Avian Urine and Quantitative Methods for Their Analysis on a Single Urine Sample

Cited by 80 publications

References 25 publications

Role of caeca in the nitrogen nutrition of the chicken fed on a moderate protein diet or a low rotein diet plus urea

Role of caeca in the nitrogen nutrition of the chicken fed on a moderate protein diet or a low rotein diet plus urea

Analysis of Urea in Petfood Matrices: Comparison of Spectro-Colorimetric, Enzymatic and Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods

Effect of colostomy on the utilisation of dietary nitrogen in the fowl fed on a low protein diet

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