Proportion of Orofacial Clefts Attributable to Recognized Risk Factors

Abstract

Our results may inform research and prevention efforts. A large proportion of orofacial cleft risk is attributable to nonmodifiable factors; it is important to better understand the mechanisms involved for these factors.

Population Attributable Fractions of Modifiable Risk Factors for Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts: A Prospective Cohort Study From the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

“…8 There is a possibility of underestimation of current active smoking effects. However, compared with the previous study in the USA, 19 our study reported higher PAFs of maternal active smoking (9.9% vs 3.99%). Maternal active smoking can be a large burden on CL±P, especially in Japan.…”

“…The PAF of non-use of a folic acid supplement for CL±P in this study was larger than that in the USA (15.1% vs 3.34%). 19 This result can support recommendations for folic acid supplementation in Japan. However, there was no information on scheduled pregnancy, which affects status of the folic acid supplement intake before pregnancy and can produce the bias.…”

“…8 The previous study in the USA assessed the population impact of only maternal active smoking on orofacial clefts, but not passive smoking. 19 In this study, maternal passive smoking had the second highest PAF, and there seems to be a dose-response association in CL±P (OR of exposed at least one day a week = 34 many individuals continue to be exposed to secondhand smoke. 35 Besides, the previous study reported that several individuals in Japan could not avoid exposure to secondhand smoke at the workplace and in school, even if they have knowledge of tobacco's adverse health effects.…”

Assessment of the correlation between various risk factors and orofacial cleft disorder spectrum: a retrospective case-control study

“…Orofacial clefts (OFCs) comprise a wide range of malformations, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip with cleft palate, which can vary in terms of etiology, severity, and disease burden [1]. The etiology of OFCs is multifactorial, including various genetic (e.g., chromosomal abnormalities and syndromes) and environmental (e.g., medication use, dietary deficiencies, smoking, consumption of alcohol, obesity, exposure to toxins, high altitude, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parental age) factors [2][3][4][5][6]. Therefore, by understanding the multifactorial etiology of these abnormalities, we can explain the proposed approaches for the prevention and treatment of OFCs [7,8].…”

Impact of different surgical protocols on dental development in oro-facial cleft children

“…The aetiology is multifactorial and the causes of facial clefts are unknown but are thought to be caused by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors [2] . Lip palate cleft forms because of the maxillary and medial nasal processes fusion failure, disturbance in mesenchyme cells penetration between facial processes or vascular disruption [3] .…”