-The focus of this paper is the process for brood production known as the Provisioning and Oviposition Process (POP), and particularly the individual behavior observed in the facultatively polygynous stingless bee Melipona bicolor. Following individually marked bees revealed that ovarian development is correlated with individual behavior differences. While most of the eggs laid by workers are consumed by the queen (trophic eggs), workers contribute significantly in male production with reproductive eggs, illustrating the reproductive conflict at the individual level. From an evolutionary outlook, "benefactor" behaviors may evolve if workers conserve the "hope" of reproduction. This indicates that an important function of trophic eggs is to keep the ovaries active. It is also possible that ovary development represents an internal factor promoting division of labor: reproductive workers are specialized or elite bees with low response thresholds and high activity levels that restrain the participation of other workers.stingless bees / division of labor / POP / Melipona bicolor / reproductive competition / Apidae
DIVISION OF LABOR IN STINGLESS BEESIt has long been acknowledged that division of labor among hymenopteran workers presents age-correlated patterns of task performance (temporal polyethism) that spatially follow a centrifugal sequence (Wilson, 1985). In stingless bees, very young bees produce wax and work in the brood nest where they were born. They move further away from it as they age until they leave the nest to become foragers. Although the age ranges during which particular tasks are executed vary across species, bees generally pass through four stages: callow, nurse bee, housekeeper and forager. The tasks associated with these stages are: (1) incubation and repairs of the brood chamber; (2) construction and provisioning of cells, cleaning of the nest, and feeding young adults and the queen; (3) further cleaning of the nest, reconstruction of the involucrum, reception and ripening of nectar, Corresponding author: ocepeda@yahoo.com and guard duty at the entrance of the nest; (4) foraging for pollen, nectar, propolis and other materials (Wille, 1983). Meliponine workers exhibit considerable flexibility in task allocation: tasks are not rigidly established but depend on the conditions of the colony. For example it is possible to force a colony consisting only of old workers to rear brood by partially re-activating the hypopharyngeal glands (Sakagami, 1982).
DIVERSE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF DIVISION OF LABORClassic works representing purely ethological descriptions on division of labor in meliponines date back to 1955. Since then, a multitude of studies have addressed general aspects of division of labor, the provisioning and oviposition process (POP), conflict between colony members, evolution of behavior, taxonomical comparisons, and systematics versus behavior (Online supplementary list . However, few focused on specialization and individual behavior.Although in many of the studies bees were ...