Proportion based protocols for load balancing and lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks

Abstract

This paper presents the problem of minimizing energy consumption and maximizing lifetime in a many-to-one sensor network. In such network pattern, all sensor nodes generate and send data to a single and fixed base station (BS), via multi-hop transmissions. When all the sensor data have to be forwarded to a single BS via multi-hop routing, the traffic pattern is highly non-uniform, putting a high burden on the sensor nodes close to the BS. Some strategies that balance the energy consumption of the nodes and ensure maximum network lifetime by balancing the load are proposed and analyzed. The key element of the research is the use of multiple transmission power levels. We studied an optimal solution for calculating the hop-by-hop traffic proportions for the particular case of nodes having just two transmission power levels, and compared the results given by the heuristics with those from the optimal analytical case. Another goal is to propose and implement a systematic approach for the construction of the sensor network based on real sensor nodes. The neighbor discovery phase, the way in which the BS finds out the network topology and than impose the strategy and decide whether the nodes to act locally or respect the instruction from the sink are part of the protocol that is described in the paper.

A Novel Energy-Aware Distributed Clustering Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks in the Mobile Environment

“…In those protocols, the nodes are equipped with the same energy at the beginning, but the networks cannot evolve equally for each node in expending energy, due to the radio communication characteristics, random events such as short-term link failures or the morphological characteristics of the field [ 14 ]. However, deployment of sensors in a WSN can be deterministic or random depending on the application.…”

Load balancing techniques for lifetime maximizing in wireless sensor networks

“…Furthermore, in order to experiment our strategies, we implemented a proportion based protocol for load balancing and lifetime maximization in WSN [23]. The experiments were performed with TmoteSky sensors [24], a platform smaller than a business card.…”

“…It includes a microcontroller operating at 8 MHz, 48 K of ROM, 10 K of RAM, a 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless transceiver, and a USB interface for device programming and logging. More details on the implementation approach are described on [23]. .…”

Control Theory-Based Load Balancing for Wireless Sensor Network

“…Meanwhile, the load balance ratio has to be determined prior to performing the proposed protocol in the network by solving an offline nonlinear programming. Some other works also explored this issue while the solutions were also obtained by offline algorithms based on the knowledge of the whole network topology and the accurate traffic demands [9]. Therefore, although the research on load balancing for WSNs is gaining more interest in recent years [1,10,11], to our knowledge, the issue is still open.…”