Propofol Protection of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchange Activity Sustains Glutamate Uptake During Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Anesthetic concentrations of propofol maintain the capacity of brain cells to extrude protons during oxidative stress. However, if intracellular acidification occurs nonetheless, then propofol's protection of glutamate clearance mechanisms from oxidative damage becomes attenuated, and extracellular glutamate concentration may increase to neurotoxic levels.

Variation of Anesthetic Sedation Requirements in Children Undergoing Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Test: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

“…Midazolam is generally used to reduce anxiety in children undergoing ambulatory procedures such as the MRI (Machata et al). Rainey et al [6] has used it in autistic children to reduce their delirium. Midazolam is known to possess a synergistic effect with propofol [34][35][36].…”

Propofol protects against impairment of learning-memory and imbalance of hippocampal Glu/GABA induced by electroconvulsive shock in depressed rats

“…Treatments: ECS with normal saline to group E2; ECS with propofol to group M2 and ECS with pentobarbital sodium to group MB2. n = 6 in each group neurons against glutamate toxicity [31], and exerts protection through glutamate clearance mechanisms in brain during oxidative stress [32]. In a study in humans tested with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Glu was downregulated while GABA was upregulated in the propofolinduced unconscious state in normal brain [33].…”

Propofol causes neuronal degeneration in neonatal mice and long-term neurocognitive consequences in adult mice

“…It reportedly protects the central nervous system by modulating the intracellular oxidative state through the GABA and NMDA receptors [14][15][16][17]. Thus, the roles of such neurotransmitter receptors remain important when considering the use of anesthetics.…”