Properties of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel

Nien

et al. 2019

IJMS

Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is commonly used as a source for biodiesel fuel. Its phytochemical composition is similar to the extracted oil from Sapindus trifoliatus seeds, which exhibit beneficial effects for skin wound healing. Since S. mukorossi seed shows no cyanogenic property, it could be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin wounds. Thus, we evaluated the effectiveness of S. mukorossi seed oil in the treatment of skin wounds. We characterized and quantified the fatty acids and unsaponifiable fractions (including β-sitosterol and δ-tocopherol) contained in S. mukorossi seed-extracted oil by GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. Cell proliferation and migratory ability were evaluated by cell viability and scratch experiments using CCD-966SK cells treated with S. mukorossi oil. The anti-inflammatory effects of the oil were evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed with Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using a modified Japanese Industrial Standard procedure. Uniform artificial wounds were created on the dorsum of rats. The wounds were treated with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel for releasing the S. mukorossi seed oil. The wound sizes were measured photographically for 12 days and were compared to wounds covered with analogous membranes containing a saline solution. Our results showed that the S. mukorossi seed oil used in this study contains abundant monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol. In the in vitro tests, S. mukorossi seed oil prompted cell proliferation and migration capability. Additionally, the oil had significant anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. In the in vivo animal experiments, S. mukorossi seed oil-treated wounds revealed acceleration of sequential skin wound healing events after two days of healing. The size of oil-treated wound decreased to half the size of the untreated control after eight days of healing. The results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil could be a potential source for promoting skin wound healing.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on Skin Wound Healing: In Vivo and in Vitro Testing

Nien

et al. 2019

IJMS

“…There are four Sapindus species in China; among them, S. mukorossi (Chinese soapberry) is the most widely distributed, and is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of southern Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River [1]. The S. mukorossi seed kernel oil content reaches 40%, and has a high content of medium-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, which show considerable potential as resources for biodiesel production material [1][2][3][4][5]. Moreover, saponins extracted from S. mukorossi fruit pericarps are very valuable, and the content in fruit pericarp tissue ranges from 7% to 27% [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China

Sun

Wang

Duan

et al. 2017

Forests

Sapindus mukorossi is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of southern China; the seed kernel oil is potential biodiesel material, and the saponins extracted from fruit pericarp are very valuable efficient natural surfactants. Therefore, S. mukorossi is an ideal tree species for developing forestry bioenergy and multiple other products. In this study, 42 S. mukorossi fruits from mother trees were collected from 39 distinct locations in 12 Chinese provinces to infer fruit and seed trait responses to environmental factors. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was conducted using 21 horticultural fruit traits and 10 environmental factors that represented different climatic and geographic conditions throughout southern China. CCA revealed well-developed patterns of natural phenotypic variation, and insight into the ecological factors that are potentially important in shaping this variation. The results presented here further elucidate the natural distribution and ecological adaptations of wild S. mukorossi resources, which will be valuable for S. mukorossi cultivation by helping identify ideal planting areas. The germplasm resources with extensive morphological variation can also contribute to S. mukorossi breeding in the future by helping develop new cultivars with high saponin yield.

“…The feasibility of soapnut biodiesel was investigated and its properties along with its blending properties were compared with diesel. The various properties of soapnut biodiesel were reported as, cetane number 58, flash point 177 °C, filter-plugging point 6 °C, iodine value 83.6 g/100 g and kinematic viscosity 4.88 mm 2 /sec at 40 °C along with satisfactory oxidation constancy [13]. Atabani et al 2014 had investigated that the blendings of the diesel along with the biodiesel result in betterment of kinematic-viscosity, oxidation stability, density and calorific value however decrease in flash point with increase in biodiesel blend was observed [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation and Analysis of Underutilized Argemone Mexicana seed oil Biodiesel in Single Cylinder 4-S Diesel Engine

Anjum¹,

Prakash²,

Pal³

2019

IJITEE

 Abstract: The aim of current research effort is to evaluate the performance of much less utilized Argemone Mexicana seed oil methyl ester in single cylinder, water-cooled, 4-S diesel engine. The Argemone Mexicana is an agricultural weed, a plant of wasteland; its use led to the resource conservation. The methyl ester or biodiesel obtained by Argemone Mexicana seed oil is produced by the course of transesterification process. This process consists of pretreatment of vegetable oil with acid catalyst due to high FFA content followed by base catalyzed transesterification. The essential properties of transesterified Argemone Mexicana seed oil are tested and compared with natural diesel. The biodiesel blends with diesel in the combination of B10, B20, B30, B40 and B50 are utilized in a compression-ignition engine, its performance parameters are examined and compared with natural diesel. The lower blends of biodiesel exhibits similar characteristics to diesel without any modification in the design of engine. This experimental work testified that the blending of diesel with biodiesel obtained from Argemone Mexicana oil in diesel engine is a feasible alternative for depletion of petroleum diesel.