Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China

Abstract

Sapindus mukorossi is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of southern China; the seed kernel oil is potential biodiesel material, and the saponins extracted from fruit pericarp are very valuable efficient natural surfactants. Therefore, S. mukorossi is an ideal tree species for developing forestry bioenergy and multiple other products. In this study, 42 S. mukorossi fruits from mother trees were collected from 39 distinct locations in 12 Chinese provinces to infer fruit and seed trait responses to environmental factors. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was conducted using 21 horticultural fruit traits and 10 environmental factors that represented different climatic and geographic conditions throughout southern China. CCA revealed well-developed patterns of natural phenotypic variation, and insight into the ecological factors that are potentially important in shaping this variation. The results presented here further elucidate the natural distribution and ecological adaptations of wild S. mukorossi resources, which will be valuable for S. mukorossi cultivation by helping identify ideal planting areas. The germplasm resources with extensive morphological variation can also contribute to S. mukorossi breeding in the future by helping develop new cultivars with high saponin yield.

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Pericarps and an Evaluation of Their Inhibitory Activity on Xanthine Oxidase

“…e results of HPLC-MS have shown that oleanolic type is the main compounds of total saponins from pericarps of S. mukorossi [35], and the oleanolic acid was always regarded as the standard to determine the content of S. mukorossi saponins in previous studies [19,36]. Herein, we also employed oleanolic-type as the main compounds for the determination the content of saponins from pericarps of S. mukorossi.…”

“…Moreover, S. mukorossi saponins are widely applied to pharmaceutical industry, due to its manifold pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial activity [8][9][10][11], antitumor functions [12][13][14], anti-inflammatory effects [15,16], and insecticidal activity [17,18]. S. mukorossi pericarps are a main source of saponins, which make up 7% to 27% of the whole fruit [19]. erefore, it is of our great interest to optimize the extraction process of saponins from S. mukorossi pericarps.…”

“…Inflammation is the susceptive condition of blood vessel hyperemia. e vascular reaction is the major part of the inflammation process, which results from corporal or biochemical injury factors in living tissue accompanied by redness, swelling, pyrexia, pain, and dysfunction [19,20]. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the key enzyme of uricogenesis resulting in a painful inflammation: gout.…”

Global distribution of Sapindus habitats under current and future climate change scenarios

“…species in West Africa [55] . Sun et al [56,57] also found that the annual minimum temperature played an important role in Sapindus saponin variation, but high precipitation levels were found to inhibit saponin synthesis [56,57][56,57][56,57][56,57][56,57] . Liu found that the precipitation of the warmest quarter and isothermality were the critical environmental factors that determine the distribution of Sapindus habitats in China.…”

The Assessment of Two Species of Soapberry as Resources for High-Quality Biodiesel Production with an Optimized Method of Ultrasound-Assisted Oil Extraction

“…In this study, the extraction yields of S. delavayi and S. mukorossi kernel oils could reach 43.67% and 45.96% under the optimized UAE conditions, respectively. However, the publicly reported results showed that the S. mukorossi kernel oil yields obtained by CPE [34], SXE [35,36] and MAE [35] were 30%, 28.34%-44.69% and 36.21%, respectively. Liu et al [37] optimized the aqueous enzymatic-ultrasonication extraction process for S. mukorossi kernel oil yield and the extraction yield was 36.78% ± 2.25%.…”