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Garrett, P. E.; Green, K. L.; Lehmann, H.; Jolie, J.; McGrath, C. A.; Yeh, M.; Yates, S. W.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.75.054310

Cited by 53 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The 2 + 1 to ground state transition of 45 W.u. is typical of, but somewhat larger than, such transitions in vibrational nuclei in this region [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The B(E2) values from the triplet of 0 + , 2 + and 4 + levels around 1100 keV also resemble what is found for typical vibrational nuclei near A ∼ 100, namely a 4 + 1 → 2 + 1 transition that exhausts the majority of the two-phonon to one-phonon strength while the decays of the two-phonon candidate 2 + 2 and 0 + 2 levels are substantially weaker.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Comparison to 98 Ru on the one hand, where vibrational structure above the two phonon level seems completely destroyed, and the Cd nuclei from 110−118 Cd [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] where good candidates for three and higher phonon levels with substantial fractions of the vibrator collectivity are known, suggests that 102 Ru has an intermediate structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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102Ru: A pivotal nucleus in theA∼100region

et al. 2011

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

102Ru: A pivotal nucleus in theA∼100region

et al. 2011

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“…This reaction provides comprehensive spectroscopy and the ability to deduce level lifetimes in the 1 fs -1 ps range, yielding B(E2) values for low-spin, highly non-yrast states [23][24][25][26][27][28]. In the early studies of 110,112 Cd [23][24][25] with the (n, n ′ γ) reaction, the B(E2) values for the observed γ rays were in line with expectations or not deemed significant.…”

Section: -P2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the early studies of 110,112 Cd [23][24][25] with the (n, n ′ γ) reaction, the B(E2) values for the observed γ rays were in line with expectations or not deemed significant. However, later studies [26][27][28] started to reveal more serious discrepancies, particularly highlighted in 116 Cd [26] where the strong-mixing calculations failed to explain the decays of the 0 + 2 and 0 + 3 levels which has the higher energy 0 + 3 intruder band head still retaining the enhanced B(E2; 0 + → 2 + 1 ) strength, and the lower energy 0 + 2 two-phonon state possessing a suppressed B(E2) value. Further questions were raised when it was noted that the same discrepancies occurred systematically across the Cd isotopes [29], suggesting a breakdown of vibrational motion occurring at the three-phonon level [29].…”

Section: -P2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolving structure of the Cd isotopes

Garrett

2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. The even-even Cd isotopes have long been cited as one of the prime examples of vibrational behaviour, identified soon after the Bohr model was developed in the early 1950's. By the late 1970's, the presence of intruder states and shape coexistence were identified, but the underlying vibrational nature remained intact. More recently, the robustness of the multiphonon states was questioned, prompting detailed spectroscopic investigations at a number of facilities, including the use of the (n, n ′ γ) reaction and β-decay studies with modern γ-ray spectrometers. Combining results from these studies, a re-examination of the structure of the mid-shell Cd isotopes suggests that they may represent deformed γ-soft rotors rather than spherical vibrators. The early years: Cd as spherical vibratorsThe collective model of Bohr and Mottelson [1,2], developed in the early 1950's, is one of the foundational models of nuclear structure. Its three main paradigms, deformed-rotational, spherical vibrational, and γ-soft, remain to this day benchmarks against which structure of nuclei are compared. Soon after the development of the vibrational limit of the Bohr Hamiltonian, in 1955 Scharff-Goldhaber and Weneser [3] used the ratio of the energy of the second excited state to the first excited state, E 2 /E 1 , to identify candidates for spherical vibrators. In this early work, the Cd nuclei 110 Cd and 114 Cd were cited as candidates, having E 2 /E 1 ≈ 2. Soon thereafter, in 1956 [4], spectroscopy following the (n, γ) capture reaction identified an additional 2 + level in the vicinity of the two-phonon triplet in 114 Cd. This was seen as a problem for the vibrational model by Cohen and Price [5], who, in 1960, using the (d, p) reaction, not only confirmed the additional 2 + level in 114 Cd, but also found an extra 0 + state. Further, they identified two 0 + and two 2 + states in 112 Cd at twice the energy of the 2 + 1 state. The validity of the phonon model was supported, however, by a series of Coulomb excitation experiments by McGowan and co-workers [6], results of which are shown in Fig. 1, that determined in 112,114,116 Cd the ratio B(E2; 4 + 1 → 2 + 1 )/B(E2; 2 + 1 → 0 + 1 ) was approximately equal to 2 (within the experimental uncertainty). Only in 110 Cd did the ratio of 1.42 ± 0.19 deviate significantly from 2.0. Furthermore, in 114,116 Cd, the ratio B(E2; 0 ′+ → 2 + 1 )/B(E2; 2 + 1 → 0 + 1 ) was measured to be near unity, again providing support to the phonon model.

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“…However, a recent program of systematic study of even-mass stable Cd isotopes concluded that these nuclei are very poorly described by vibrational models [1][2][3]. This conclusion was based upon lifetime measurements of excited states in 110,112,114 Cd [4][5][6] which allowed the determination of B(E2)s that were found to be inconsistent with model calculations. The question remains as to whether the lower-mass Cd and the neighboring Pd isotopes may be examples of near-harmonic quadrupole vibrators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%