Properties of High‐Oleic Palm Oils Derived by Fractional Crystallization

Ramli, Muhamad Roddy; Siew, Wai Lin; Cheah, Kien Yoo

doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00657.x

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The major FAMEs were methyl octadecanoate (C18:0, 7–11%), methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0, 25–29%) and methyl 9‐octadecanoate (C18:1, 32–35%). The determined components of palm oil biodiesel (FAME) were closely similar to the reported composition of the palm oil …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm oil

Laskar

Rokhum

Gupta

et al. 2019

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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Biodiesel, also called fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), a promising alternative to petroleum diesel, has become more attractive in recent years due to its environmental friendliness coupled with its accessibility from renewable resources. This work investigated the novel zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles (ZnO@Ag NPs) catalyzed transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel. Novel ZnO@Ag NPs were synthesized via homogeneous precipitation of Zn(OH) 2 and reduction of Ag(I) to Ag (0).During the preparation of nanocatalyst, polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) played a dual role as both the surfactant and reducing agent. The synthesized NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET analysis. Biodiesel formation was confirmed by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic analysis. In addition, different constituents of FAME were identified using GC-MS analytical technique. Under the optimum reaction conditions (methanol to oil ratio, 10:1, catalyst loading, 10 wt%, temperature 60 C and time, 60 min), the percentage conversion of triglycerides to corresponding FAME was 97% as determined by 1 H NMR.Catalyst recyclability tests confirmed that ZnO@Ag NPs could be reused at least for five successive cycles without appreciable loss in its activity. K E Y W O R D Sbiodiesel, heterogeneous catalyst, polyethylene glycol, renewable energy, transesterification

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm oil

Laskar

Rokhum

Gupta

et al. 2019

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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“…The acid value of POo and OA was 0.56% and increased to 8.09% and 67.32% after conversion to EPOo and diol, respectively. The iodine value of POo and OA were 61.47 mg KOH/g oil and 83.91 mg KOH/g oil which is almost similar to the work reported by Ramli et al [32] at 61.67 mg KOH/g oil and Derawi et al [8,14] at 62 mg KOH/ g oil, but slightly higher to the work reported by Ramli et al [33] at 78.2 mg KOH/g oil for the IV value of high-oleic acid palm oil. The POo was found to have a complete epoxidization to EPOo based on the reduction of the iodine value of POo from 61.47 to 0 mg KOH/g oil (Table 1), which corresponds to the complete conversion of the POo carbon double bond (C=C) to the epoxide (oxirane) ring of EPOo and similar to the reported previous study by Derawi et al at IV 61.67 drops to 3.30 to 0.51 [14].…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrysupporting

confidence: 77%

Palm Oil-Based Precursors for Development of Polymeric Delivery System

Tajau

Rohani²,

Isahak³

et al. 2017

MJAS

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The use of precursors from natural based polymers offer a more biocompatible and biodegradable properties in producing polymer drug vehicle compared to drug vehicles made from synthetic polymer precursors, which normally found in high molecular weight (MW). High MW polymer will lead to immunologic inflammatory responses due to their lower biodegradability and higher cytotoxicity compared to low MW that could give smaller particle size, higher solubility, higher release efficiency, non-immunogenic, better biodegradability and lower cytotoxicity. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce valuable precursors, particularly to produce epoxidized palm olein (EPOo) and diol, to be used in the development of a new polymeric drug vehicle with low MW. An EPOo was synthesized via in-situ epoxidizing of palm olein (POo) with peracid and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) catalyst. Meanwhile the diol was synthesized using hydroxylation of palm oil-based oleic acid via esterification of oleic acid (OA) with glycerol and 4-dodecylbenzyl sulfonic acid catalyst (DBSA). It was found that both palm oil-based precursors have been successfully synthesized from natural resources of palm oil. Physico-chemical properties of the synthesized precursors showed that the EPOo and the diol possess average molecular weight (MW) between 900-1500 g/mol and hydroxyl functionality between 2 and 3, based on the presence of hydroxyl (O-H) group functionality, showed in the Infra-red (IR) spectra in the range of 3200-3600 cm -1 . These low MW palm oil based-precursors have potential uses for the design and development of new properties of polymeric drug vehicle such as acrylated palm olein (APOo) and polyol polyester, which will produce particle size in the range of 100 -200 nm or smaller with high efficiency drug loading and controlled release profiles.Keywords: drug delivery system, palm oil, polymeric nanoparticle Abstrak Penggunaan pelopor dari polimer semulajadi bagi menghasilkan penyampai ubat polimer mempunyai kelebihan tertentu iaitu ianya bersifat bioserasi dan biodegradasi berbanding sistem penyampai ubat yang dibuat daripada pelopor polimer sintetik, kebiasaannya mempunyai berat molekul (MW) yang tinggi. Polimer dengan MW yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan gerak balas keradangan keimunan akibat kurang keterbiodegradasikan dan kesitotoksikan yang tinggi dibandingkan MW yang rendah yang boleh menghasilkan partikel bersaiz lebih kecil, keterlarutan dan kecekapan perlepasan yang tinggi, tidak imunogen, terbiodegradasi dengan lebih baik dan sitotoksiti yang rendah. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan menghasilkan pelopor yang bersifat istimewa, terutamanya minyak sawit olein terepoksida (EPOo) dan diol yang digunakan dalam membangunkan sistem penyampaian ubat dengan MW yang rendah. EPOo telah disintesis menggunakan pengepoksidaan in-situ minyak sawit olein (POo) dengan perasid dan pemangkin asid sulfurik (H 2 SO 4 ). Sementara itu, diol disintesis menggunakan penghidroksilan minyak sawit oleik menggunakan pengesteran asid oleik (OA) dengan gliserol dan p...

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“…The stearin cake was squeezed at a rate of 0.5 bar/min for the first 10 min and at a rate of 1 bar/min for the last 10 min. The maximum pressure applied was 20 bar [23]. After squeezing of the cake was complete, the filter press was opened and the stearin cake was collected in a hopper located underneath the filter.…”

Section: Dry Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of High Oleic Palm Oils on a Pilot Scale

Ramli

Siew

Cheah

2009

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD POo) with an iodine value (IV) of 62 was chemically interesterified with methyl oleate (MO) at a ratio of 50:50 (w/w). The reaction was carried out at 110°C in the presence of sodium methoxide as a catalyst using a 100-kg pilot scale reactor. Randomization between 15 and 30 min resulted in less free fatty acid (FFA) formation and higher oleic content in the interesterified product as compared to longer reaction time of 60-90 min. Sodium methoxidecatalyzed ester interchange increased the oleic content of the interesterified product to more than 57% from its initial content of 45%. The product obtained also has an IV of more than 75. The interesterified oil was then subjected to dry fractionation in a 200-kg De Smet jacketed crystallizer at 8°C to further enhance the oleic content of the liquid olein fraction. The resulted olein had an improved cloud point and higher IV of 81. The solid stearin had a slightly higher IV and oleic content as compared to normal palm stearin. The solid fat content was comparable to normal palm oil. The pilot scale study has proven a successful conversion of laboratory findings to a larger scale production and gave the most realistic information for possible commercialization.

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Properties of High‐Oleic Palm Oils Derived by Fractional Crystallization

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm oil

Zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm oil

Palm Oil-Based Precursors for Development of Polymeric Delivery System

Production of High Oleic Palm Oils on a Pilot Scale

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