Properties, bioactive potential and extraction processes of glycosaminoglycans: an overview

Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long-chain polysaccharides that are divided into sulphates and non-sulphates, these being chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparin sulphate and the only non-sulphate in the group is hyaluronic acid. GAGs are obtained from animal tissue and by an expensive low-yield extraction process; however, they are highly commercially valued polysaccharides and exploited in the biomedical market. Their disaccharidic composition, chain length and sulfation pattern present great variability depending on the species and extraction factors. GAGs possess immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiproliferative and anticoagulant properties, functioning as therapeutic agents modulating an array of biological processes. This report presents the general aspects of each GAG, source and extraction process, in addition to the characteristics that give them the most varied therapeutic properties and pharmacological applications.

Characteristics of Marine Biomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine

“…Researchers have developed and optimized technologies to decompose structures and separate GAG from other polysaccharide complexes in tissues using decontamination agents, enzymes, microorganisms, or organic solvents (mainly sodium acetate) and to ensure maximum utilization of marine wastes [87]. Due to the covalent binding between glycosaminoglycan and protein, enzymatic hydrolysis is mostly used in the extraction of glycosaminoglycan [87]. The covalent bond was broken by proteases such as pepsin, trypsin, and papain, and the glycosaminoglycan long chain was released.…”

A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application

“…After separating the desired source sample of CS, delipidation using chloroform and acetone was conducted to remove fat adhering to the sample, followed by drying [ 33 ]. Proteolytic digestion using chemicals or enzymes is one of the most critical phases in this extraction process [ 37 ]. The removal of protein is aided by amyl alcohol and chloroform.…”

Remodelamento da matriz extracelular e mecanismos de resposta ao estresse induzidos pelo peptídeo da laminina C16 em células expostas à hipóxia química ou baixa tensão de oxigênio.

“…As for the glycosaminoglycans, which are linear and long polysaccharides chains that contain amino sugars (amino monosaccharides), are divided into two groups: sulfate group (chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and heparin sulphate) and non-sulphate in the group, that includes just the hyaluronic acid. Even more, the non-fibrillar components also have proteoglycans, which is a compound of many GAGs chains connected to a core protein, and have as examples: aggrecan, versican, neurocan, and brevican (Alberts et al, 2007;Wight, Toole and Hascall, 2011;Xu and Mosher, 2011;Junqueira and Carneiro, 2013;Theocharis et al, 2016;Balbinot-Alfaro et al, 2021).…”