Proof of X-repute blockchain consensus protocol for IoT systems

Wang, Eric Ke; Sun, Ruipei; Chen, Chien‐Ming; Liang, Zhongshuai; Kumari, Saru; Khan, Muhammad Khurram

doi:10.1016/j.cose.2020.101871

Cited by 55 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The design objectives of this model included privacy protection, efficiency, and security. Wang et al [17] explored the blockchain consensus technique's credibility problem to meet IoT system security requirements. They suggested a repute-based consensus process with incentives and penalties.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) Inefficient consensus mechanism: The mainstream blockchain consensus methods are computationally difficult and complicated when operating with lightweight IoT devices with limited resources [19], [17]. Furthermore, the security and efficiency of consensus methods are critical issues that must be addressed to effectively deploy blockchain in IIoT [9], [49].…”

Section: A Blockchain-iiot Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

et al. 2022

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It has been proven that Internet of Things (IoT) platforms can improve the performance and efficiency of a wide range of processes. With the acceptance of IoT as a major part of the technology of Industry 4.0, the notion of leveraging the Internet in industries to enable automation and reconfigure existing industrial processes has greatly evolved. By introducing smart technology and intelligent processes, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is committed to bringing high operational efficiency, enhanced productivity, and effective management to industrial assets. Despite this, the reliance of IIoT on central architecture presents numerous challenges, including the security and maintenance of smart devices, privacy issues owing to third-party participation, and massive computations conducted by a central entity, all of which prevent its widespread adoption in businesses. Emerging blockchain technologies have the potential to transform IIoT platforms and applications. A distributed and decentralized approach followed by blockchain might offer interesting solutions to the challenges raised by IIoT. Furthermore, 5G networks are expected to deliver excellent solutions to meet the demands of decentralized systems, with a focus on application-specific vulnerabilities. Blockchain and IIoT, enabled by 5G, is a viable option to fully explore the potential of contemporary industry. In this context, this article analyzes and examines recent achievements to highlight the major obstacles in blockchain-IIoT convergence and presents a framework for potential solutions. Directions for the future are also provided and intend to assist researchers in understanding the full potential of these innovations.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Blockchain-iiot Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

et al. 2022

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“…Each node in the network has its ledger. Blockchain uses consensus mechanisms [23,24] to verify the transaction and update the entire ledger. At the time of adding a new transaction in the ledger, all nodes in the network will check the correctness of the information and, after approving, will add the new transaction to their ledger.…”

Section: Blockchain Blockchain Was Proposed In 2008 By Satoshimentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol for IoT Network Management

Yavari

Safkhani

Kumari

et al. 2020

Security and Communication Networks

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Communication security between IoT devices is a major concern in this area, and the blockchain has raised hopes that this concern will be addressed. In the blockchain concept, the majority or even all network nodes check the validity and accuracy of exchanged data before accepting and recording them, whether this data is related to financial transactions or measurements of a sensor or an authentication message. In evaluating the validity of an exchanged data, nodes must reach a consensus in order to perform a special action, in which case the opportunity to enter and record transactions and unreliable interactions with the system is significantly reduced. Recently, in order to share and access management of IoT devices information with distributed attitude a new authentication protocol based on blockchain is proposed and it is claimed that this protocol satisfies user privacy preserving and security. However, in this paper, we show that this protocol has security vulnerabilities against secret disclosure, replay, traceability, and Token reuse attacks with the success probability of 1 and constant complexity of also 1. We also proposed an improved blockchain-based authentication protocol (IBCbAP) that has security properties such as secure access management and anonymity. We implemented IBCbAP using JavaScript programming language and Ethereum local blockchain. We also proved IBCbAP’s security both informally and formally through the Scyther tool. Our comparisons showed that IBCbAP could provide suitable security along with reasonable cost.

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“…In addition, the proportional limit for difficulty adjustment is [0. 25,4] in order to avoid over regulation. Under normal circumstances, this strategy is relatively stable.…”

Section: Analysis On Daas Of Different Cryptocurrenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can ensure that the ledger stored by each node in the distributed network are always consistent. Consensus protocols are, therefore, one of the key technologies in blockchain [4]. In fact, with the development of blockchain, many projects have proposed different consensus protocols, including proof of work (PoW) [1], proof of stake (PoS) [2], delegated proof of stake (DPoS) [5], practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) [6], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Jumping Mining Attack and Solution

Hu,

Chen,

Gan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Mining is the important part of the blockchain used the proof of work (PoW) on its consensus, looking for the matching block through testing a number of hash calculations. In order to attract more hash computing power, the miner who finds the proper block can obtain some rewards. Actually, these hash calculations ensure that the data of the blockchain is not easily tampered. Thus, the incentive mechanism for mining affects the security of the blockchain directly. This paper presents an approach to attack against the difficulty adjustment algorithm (abbreviated as DAA) used in blockchain mining, which has a direct impact on miners' earnings. In this method, the attack miner jumps between different blockchains to get more benefits than the honest miner who keep mining on only one blockchain. We build a probabilistic model to simulate the time to obtain the next block at different hash computing power called hashrate. Based on this model, we analyze the DAAs of the major cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Zcash, and Bitcoin Gold. We further verify the effectiveness of this attack called jumping mining through simulation experiments, and also get the characters for the attack in the public block data of Bitcoin Gold. Finally, we give an improved DAA scheme against this attack. Extensive experiments are provided to support the efficiency of our designed scheme.

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Proof of X-repute blockchain consensus protocol for IoT systems

Cited by 55 publications

References 8 publications

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

An Improved Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol for IoT Network Management

A Jumping Mining Attack and Solution

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