Proliferation and Apoptosis Pathways and Factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

Oral cancer is the most common form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and most frequently presents as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is associated with an alarmingly high mortality rate. Internationally, a plethora of research to further our understanding of the molecular pathways related to oral cancer is performed. This research is of value for early diagnosis, prognosis, and the investigation of new drugs that can ameliorate the harmful effects of oral cancer and provide optimal patient outcomes with minimal long-term complications. Two pathways on which the progression of OSCC depends on are those of proliferation and apoptosis, which overlap at many junctions. Herein, we aim to review these pathways and factors related to OSCC progression. Publicly available search engines, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used with the following keywords to identify relevant literature: oral cancer, proliferation, proliferation factors, genes, mutations, and tumor suppressor. We anticipate that the use of information provided through this review will further progress translational cancer research work in the field of oral cancer.

Cellular Concentration of Survivin and Caspase 3 in Habitual Tobacco Chewers with and without Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South Indian Rural Population—A Case Control Study

“…There is much evidence that suggests the human papilloma virus (HPV16) as a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The reported profile in India is not consistent with the global statistics reporting the incidence of HPV in oral cancer to range from 0 to 75% [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. However, a study done among the local population with OSCC has shown none of the tumor specimens to be HPV positive [ 15 ].…”

Pyroptosis-related gene-based prognostic signature for predicting the overall survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients

“…Oral cancer is becoming a global health problem due to its relatively high incidence and mortality. Also, due to the poor prognosis of OSCC after surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy (29,30), increasing research studies have paid more attention to the identification of efficient prognostic predictors in OSCC such as microRNA levels (31), long noncoding RNAs (32), and apoptosis-related genes (33). Although the role of pyroptosis in human cancers have been studied, their prognostic values in many other malignancies have not been well characterized.…”

Utilization of artificial intelligence-assisted histopathological detection in surveillance of oral squamous cell carcinoma staging: A narrative review

“…Akt is a protein that plays an important role in survival and induction of cell proliferation. Akt activation results in mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (MTORC1) increases so that the cell cycle regulatory protein namely Cyclin D/E is activated and manifests in the G1/S phase transition to the G2 phase in the cell cycle, causing cell mitosis to undergo [23,[31][32].…”