Prolactin in Inflammatory Response

Pereira‐Suárez, Ana Laura; López-Rincón, Gonzalo; Neri, P; Estrada-Chávez, Ciro

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_11

Cited by 44 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Despite known immuno-modulatory properties of DHEA-S ( 26 ) and prolactin ( 23 ), PTSD patients in our study did not show alterations in circulating levels of CRP or in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) in comparison to healthy controls. Cytokines associated with cell-mediated (Th1: IFN-γ, IL-2) and humoral (Th2: IL-4) immunity were not altered as well.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…Given the complex neuroendocrine–immune interactions observed in PTSD, researchers have utilized assays that allow for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a limited amount of sample and found a broad spectrum of increased circulating peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( 21 , 22 ). Prolactin, as an immunostimulatory hormone ( 23 ), may be partly involved in the processes leading to immune activation in PTSD ( 24 ). Neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated ester form dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) are other components of the HPA axis that may be altered in PTSD ( 25 ) and contribute to immune activation through their immunostimulatory and anti-glucocorticoid effects ( 26 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulating Levels of Hormones, Lipids, and Immune Mediators in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – A 3-Month Follow-Up Study

et al. 2015

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A number of peripheral blood analytes have been proposed as potential biomarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have investigated whether observed changes in biomarkers persist over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of combat-related chronic PTSD with a wide array of putative PTSD biomarkers and to determine reliability of the measurements, i.e., correlations over time. Croatian combat veterans with chronic PTSD (n = 69) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 32), all men, were assessed at two time points separated by 3 months. Serum levels of lipids, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, and C-reactive protein were determined. Multiplex assay was used for the simultaneous assessment of 13 analytes in sera: cytokines [interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α], adhesion molecules (sPECAM-1, sICAM-1), chemokines (IL-8 and MIP-1α), sCD40L, nerve growth factor, and leptin. Group differences and changes over time were tested by parametric or non-parametric tests, including repeated measures analysis of covariance. Reliability estimates [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa] were also calculated. Robust associations of PTSD with higher levels of DHEA-S [F(1,75) = 8.14, p = 0.006)] and lower levels of prolactin [F(1,75) = 5.40, p = 0.023] were found. Measurements showed good to excellent reproducibility (DHEA-S, ICC = 0.50; prolactin, ICC = 0.79). Serum lipids did not differ between groups but significant increase of LDL-C after 3 months was observed in the PTSD group (t = 6.87, p < 0.001). IL-8 was lower in the PTSD group (t = 4.37, p < 0.001) but assessments showed poor reproducibility (ICC = −0.08). Stable DHEA-S and prolactin changes highlight their potential to be reliable markers of PTSD. Change in lipid profiles after 3 months suggests that PTSD patients may be more prone to hyperlipidemia. High intra-individual variability in some variables emphasizes the importance of longitudinal studies in investigations of PTSD biomarkers.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Levels of Hormones, Lipids, and Immune Mediators in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – A 3-Month Follow-Up Study

et al. 2015

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“…Prolactin strongly persuades the innate and adaptive immune responses, managing the maturation of CD4− CD8− thymocytes to CD4+ CD8+ T cells, through IL-2 receptor expression ( 16 , 17 ). A direct correlation between PRL levels and the number of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes has been reported ( 18 ).…”

Section: Prl the Hormone And The Cytokinementioning

confidence: 99%

Prolactin and Autoimmunity

2018

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The great asymmetry of autoimmune diseases between genders represents one of the most enigmatic observations among the mosaic of autoimmunity. Sex hormones are believed to play a crucial role on this dimorphism. The higher prevalence of autoimmunity among women at childbearing ages, disease onset/relapses during pregnancy, and post-partum are some of the arguments that support this hypothesis. Certainly, motherhood represents one of the most remarkable challenges for the immune system, which not only has to allow for the conceptus, but also has to deal with complex endocrine alterations. Hormonal homeostasis is known to exert a crucial influence in achieving a competent and healthy immune system. Prolactin (PRL) has a bioactive function acting as a hormone and a cytokine. It interferes with immune system modulation, mainly inhibiting the negative selection of autoreactive B lymphocytes. Likewise, hyperprolactinemia has been described in relation to the pathogenesis and activity of several autoimmune disorders. Dopamine is an effective inhibitor of PRL secretion due to either a direct influence on the hypophysis or stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus, arousing the release of the PRL inhibitory factor. Hence, dopamine agonists have proven to offer clinical benefits among autoimmune patients and represent a promising therapy to be explored. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the link between PRL, autoimmune diseases, and motherhood.

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“…Prolactin is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a role in osmoregulation, metabolism, the immune system, and the stimulation of lactogenesis and galactopoiesis. Prolactin is also involved in inflammatory responses (Costanza et al, 2015 ; Pereira Suarez et al, 2015 ). In TG neurons, a prolactin receptor is highly expressed in TRPV1 nociceptors, where it potentiates capsaicin-evoked currents, calcium influx, and αCGRP release (Patil et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Trpv1 and Other Sex-related Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRP Channels as Potential Targets for Sex-Related Differences in Migraine Pain

Artero-Morales

González-Rodríguez

Ferrer-Montiel

2018

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Chronic pain is one of the most debilitating human diseases and represents a social and economic burden for our society. Great efforts are being made to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of pain transduction. It is particularly noteworthy that some types of chronic pain, such as migraine, display a remarkable sex dimorphism, being up to three times more prevalent in women than in men. This gender prevalence in migraine appears to be related to sex differences arising from both gonadal and genetic factors. Indeed, the functionality of the somatosensory, immune, and endothelial systems seems modulated by sex hormones, as well as by X-linked genes differentially expressed during development. Here, we review the current data on the modulation of the somatosensory system functionality by gonadal hormones. Although this is still an area that requires intense investigation, there is evidence suggesting a direct regulation of nociceptor activity by sex hormones at the transcriptional, translational, and functional levels. Data are being accumulated on the effect of sex hormones on TRP channels such as TRPV1 that make pivotal contributions to nociceptor excitability and sensitization in migraine and other chronic pain syndromes. These data suggest that modulation of TRP channels' expression and/or activity by gonadal hormones provide novel pathways for drug intervention that may be useful for targeting the sex dimorphism observed in migraine.

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Prolactin in Inflammatory Response

Cited by 44 publications

References 124 publications

Circulating Levels of Hormones, Lipids, and Immune Mediators in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – A 3-Month Follow-Up Study

Circulating Levels of Hormones, Lipids, and Immune Mediators in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – A 3-Month Follow-Up Study

Prolactin and Autoimmunity

TRP Channels as Potential Targets for Sex-Related Differences in Migraine Pain

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