Progressive membrane phospholipid changes in first episode schizophrenia with high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia

“…Studies varied in the clinical characteristics of patients, field strengths used to acquire data, regions of interest, data processing methods, and metabolites measured. Eight studies included patients reported as medication-naïve first episode (Pettegrew et al, 1991;Keshavan et al, 1993;Fukuzako et al, 1999;Jayakumar et al, 2003;Gangadhar et al, 2004Gangadhar et al, , 2006Jayakumar et al, 2006;Jayakumar et al 2010), 2 studies included separate analyses for medication-naïve and other patients Yacubian et al, 2002) and 4 additional studies included first episode patients (some were taking medication) (Jensen et al, , 2006Miller et al, 2009;Miller et al 2012). 7 studies acquired data at 4T and the rest used 1.5 or 2T scanners.…”

“…Studies that included first episode and/or medication-naïve patients were also reviewed separately, as longitudinal studies suggest alterations in phosphorus metabolites with new treatment or over time in the follow up of first episode patients (Miller 2009(Miller , 2012Jayakumar 2010). In addition, we analyzed data collected in frontal and temporal cortices and in subcortical structures separately, as some abnormalities in schizophrenia may be global, while others may vary with location.…”

Phosphorus Spectroscopy (31P MRS) of the Brain in Psychiatric Disorders

“…65 An attempt to quantify the temporal and spatial dynamics of phospholipid changes in schizophrenia was recently undertaken in a cohort of patients with recent diagnosis who were followed for an extended period. 58 The pattern that emerged from the data, especially in the frontal regions, is that PDE is increased in first-episode patients compared to control subjects, but is not different from controls in patients who have been treated for a significant period of time, particularly those treated with first-generation antipsychotics such as haloperidol. It remains unclear, however, whether both constituents of the PDE peak are involved in these changes.…”

“…In the thalamus GPEth was markedly reduced in schizophrenia patients at 39 months compared to baseline in the patients and in the controls. 58 A study of phospholipid metabolites that controlled for partial volume effects and tissue type was recently published as well. In chronic schizophrenia, frontal cortex and cerebellar GPCho were reduced, whereas PEth was reduced in the frontal cortex and PCho was reduced in the lateral basal ganglia.…”

Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Interactions with TNAP

“…We are unaware of any data on AGXT2L1 activity in hypophosphatasia. Although alterations in phosphoethanolamine metabolism have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (Miller et al 2012) and most of the previous references to AGXT2L1 deal with such disorders, there is little evidence that neuropsychiatric problems are increased in hypophosphatasia. Since signs of vitamin B-6 deficiency in hypophosphatasia seem to be limited to infants, the duration of any reductions in AGXT2L1 might be too short to cause neuropsychiatric problems in surviving infants.…”