Progressive impairment of cognition and motor function: Hashimoto encephalopathy

Tzakas, Peter; Sit, Sze Wan

doi:10.1503/cmaj.100007

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The second is progressive in nature, with epileptic seizures, disturbances of consciousness, psychiatric symptoms, such as mania, depression or psychosis, and an increasing dementia syndrome. The first type is the rarer, milder and most frequently relapsing form of HE; the second type is more common, usually with an acute onset and rapid course, usually running without relapses [ 7 , 61 , 82 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the spectrum of disorders observed in Hashimoto encephalopathy is very wide. In both forms of HE, tremor, myoclonus, ataxia, stupor or coma may occur [ 82 , 83 , 84 ]. Less frequently, persistent headaches, gait disturbances, isolated nystagmus, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, parkinsonian syndromes, spastic paraparesis, fatigue syndrome, sleep disturbances or visual and auditory hallucinations have been reported [ 60 , 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Less frequently, persistent headaches, gait disturbances, isolated nystagmus, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, parkinsonian syndromes, spastic paraparesis, fatigue syndrome, sleep disturbances or visual and auditory hallucinations have been reported [ 60 , 61 ]. Patients treated for many years for schizophrenia, depressive disorders, Alzheimer’s disease or drug-resistant epilepsy have been described, in whom HE was finally diagnosed and corticosteroid therapy resulted in complete resolution of symptoms [ 82 , 85 ]. On the other hand, when analyzing the relationship between psychiatric disorders and thyroid diseases, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, even in euthyroid state, increases the risk of their occurrence [ 86 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In more than 70% of the cases described, patients were euthyroid or subclinically hypothyroid. All of them had elevated serum anti-TPOAb and/or anti-TGAb [ 4 , 82 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the majority of patients (62–75%), antithyroid antibodies are found in the CSF [ 108 ]. Some patients might have other autoimmune antibodies, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR), contactin-associated protein 2 (Caspr2), LGi1, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor 1 and 2 (AMPAR1/2) or antinuclear antibodies (ANA) [ 79 , 82 , 90 , 95 ]. Isolated cases have been described in which oligoclonal bands, 14-3-3 protein and anti-α-enolase antibodies were present in the fluid [ 69 , 74 , 79 , 109 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hashimoto Encephalopathy—Still More Questions than Answers

Waliszewska‐Prosół

Ejma

2022

Cells

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The normal function of the nervous system is conditioned by the undisturbed function of the thyroid gland and its hormones. Comprehensive clinical manifestations, including neurological disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, have long been understood and, in recent years, attention has been paid to neurological symptoms in euthyroid patients. Hashimoto encephalopathy is a controversial and poorly understood disease entity and the pathogenesis of the condition remains unclear. We still derive our understanding of this condition from case reports, but on the basis of these, a clear clinical picture of this entity can be proposed. Based on a review of the recent literature, the authors present the current view on the subject, discuss controversies and questions that still remain unanswered, as well as ongoing research in this area and the results of our own work in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In more than 70% of the cases described, patients were euthyroid or subclinically hypothyroid. All of them had elevated serum anti-TPOAb and/or anti-TGAb [ 4 , 82 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Hashimoto Encephalopathy—Still More Questions than Answers

Waliszewska‐Prosół

Ejma

2022

Cells

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Hashimoto encephalopathy

et al. 2013

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The authors present a case report and review the literature on Hashimoto encephalopathy. The onset of the disease may be marked by focal and then progressively generalized seizures or other neurological symptoms, but a cognitive decline or various psychiatric symptoms may also emerge. High levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and/or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are present in the serum. Corticosteroid treatment usually results in an improvement of symptoms. The syndrome is frequently overlooked and, therefore, the authors strongly recommend testing serum thyroid autoantibodies in cases with encephalopathy of unknown origin independently on the presence of thyroid disease in the patient or family history. The importance of long-term immunosuppressive treatment should also be stressed.

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Autoimmune Encephalitis with Antibodies: Anti-NMDAR, Anti-AMPAR, Anti-GQ1b, Anti-DPPX, Anti-CASPR2, Anti-LGI1, Anti-RI, Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-CV2 and Anti-GABAAR, in the Course of Psychoses, Neoplastic Diseases and Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Braczkowski,

Soszyński,

Sierakowska

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Encephalitis is a condition with a variety of etiologies, clinical presentations and degrees of severity. The causes of these disorders include both neuroinfections and autoimmune diseases in which host antibodies are pathologically directed against self antigens. In autoimmune encephalitis, autoantibodies are expressed in the central nervous system. The incidence of this disease is approximately 4% of all reported cases of encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis can be induced by antibodies against neuronal surface antigens such as N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated glutamate receptors (NMDAR), ⍺-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptors (AMPAR) or gangliosides GQ1b, DPPX, CASPR2, LGI1, as well as by antibodies against neuronal intracellular antigens. The paper presents a number of both mental and neurological symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis. Moreover, the coexistence of psychoses, neoplastic diseases and the methods of diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis are discussed. Attention was also drawn to the fact that early diagnosis, as well as early initiation of targeted treatment, increases the chance of a successful course of the therapeutic process.

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Progressive impairment of cognition and motor function: Hashimoto encephalopathy

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Hashimoto Encephalopathy—Still More Questions than Answers

Hashimoto Encephalopathy—Still More Questions than Answers

Hashimoto encephalopathy

Autoimmune Encephalitis with Antibodies: Anti-NMDAR, Anti-AMPAR, Anti-GQ1b, Anti-DPPX, Anti-CASPR2, Anti-LGI1, Anti-RI, Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-CV2 and Anti-GABAAR, in the Course of Psychoses, Neoplastic Diseases and Paraneoplastic Syndromes

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