Hashimoto Encephalopathy—Still More Questions than Answers

Waliszewska‐Prosół, Marta; Ejma, Maria

doi:10.3390/cells11182873

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Using a specific marker for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is essential in terms of making early and accurate diagnosis and preventing possible complications of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis as a result of hypothyroidism. These complications can be listed, such as heart diseases [ 51 ], depression [ 52 ], birth defects [ 53 ], dyslipidemia [ 54 ], and Hashimoto encephalopathy [ 55 ]. The PLR could provide useful diagnostic value as an additional diagnostic tool in the establishment of HT diagnosis at the earliest time, which can decrease the rate of HT complications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Inflammatory Marker for the Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Platelet-Count-to-Lymphocyte-Count Ratio

et al. 2023

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Background: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a chronic autoimmune thyroiditis that causes systemic inflammation in the body, leading to hypothyroidism and an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Objectives: This study aims to reveal whether there is a relationship between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and the platelet-count-to-lymphocyte-count ratio (PLR), which is used as a new inflammatory marker. Methods: In this retrospective study, we compared the PLR of the euthyroid HT group and the hypothyroid-thyrotoxic HT group to the controls. We also evaluated the values of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (fT4), C-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count in each group. Results: The PLR of the subjects with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was found to be significantly different from the control group (p < 0.001), with the rankings as follows: hypothyroid-thyrotoxic HT 177% (72–417) > euthyroid HT 137% (69–272) > control group 103% (44–243). In addition to the increased PLR values, an increase in CRP values was also observed, revealing a strong positive correlation between the PLR and CRP in the HT patients. Conclusion: In this study, we found out that the PLR was higher in the hypothyroid-thyrotoxic HT and euthyroid HT patients than in a healthy control group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Inflammatory Marker for the Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Platelet-Count-to-Lymphocyte-Count Ratio

et al. 2023

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“…Also, researchers are becoming more interested in Alzheimer's disease and Hashimoto's encephalopathy as they relate to cognitive impairment. However, the current research on these two diseases does not give a clear picture of how adult hypothyroidism is linked to cognitive impairment (22).…”

Section: Hypothyroidism and Cognitive Impairment In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cognitive Dysfunction in Hypothyroidism

Rakugi

2023

Sci Insights

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Cognitive function and hypothyroidism are strongly associated, and age-related differences in performance are significant. The association between hypothyroidism and cognitive impairment in adult patients is still debatable, although it is most severe in the fetus and neonatal period, where it is easy to leave lasting sequelae. Current theories postulate that the various age-related manifestations of this cognitive impairment may be linked to the various stages of hypothyroidism during the time-dependent development of the neurological system. Although the precise mechanism is still not entirely understood, it might be connected to immunological factors.

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“…A large-scale study showed that individuals with hypothyroidism faced a higher risk of memory impairment (up to 81%), higher perceived stress, more than a 3-fold increase in dementia risk, higher rates of depression and anxiety, greater fatigue, poorer concentration, and less motivation [ 8 ]. Some rare cases of autoimmune thyroiditis could lead to Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, presented by nonspecific clinical manifestations rapidly leading to progressive dementia, reversed by corticosteroid therapy [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Serotonin Mediation

Bakalov

Iliev

Sabit

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Thyroid hormones play an important role in the modeling of neural networks in the brain. Besides its metabolic effects, thyroid dysfunction, and hypothyroidism in particular, is frequently associated with cognitive decline and depressive-like behavior. The current study aimed to examine the changes in behavior, cognition, and memory in rats with propylthiouracil-induced overt hypothyroidism. The behavior and cognition were assessed using the open field test, T-maze, and novel object recognition test. We found significant differences in the behavioral patterns of the hypothyroid animals showing a reduction in locomotor activity, frequency of rearing, and impaired memory function compared to the euthyroid controls. As serotonin is an essential biomarker regulating cognition and mood, we tried to modulate the serotonin mediation in hypothyroid animals through tryptophan administration. Treatment with 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-OH-TRP) intraperitoneally for 10 days or directly into the hippocampus as a single injection led to attenuation of the hypothyroidism-induced cognitive and memory decline. A staggering amount of research is suggesting that the common denominators in the pathophysiology of depression and the behavior changes in hypothyroidism are the hippocampal complex and the distorted serotonin metabolism. In our study, it was observed a significant alleviation of cognitive impairment and an improvement of memory performance in hypothyroid rats after 5-OH-TRP administration. Current results are promising and may serve as groundwork for further investigation of functional and structural changes in the hippocampus during a hypothyroid state, and in particular, the effects of serotonin mediation in hypothyroid-associated depressive-like behavior.

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Hashimoto Encephalopathy—Still More Questions than Answers

Cited by 24 publications

References 120 publications

A Novel Inflammatory Marker for the Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Platelet-Count-to-Lymphocyte-Count Ratio

A Novel Inflammatory Marker for the Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Platelet-Count-to-Lymphocyte-Count Ratio

Cognitive Dysfunction in Hypothyroidism

Attenuation of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Serotonin Mediation

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