Progress toward Measles Eradication in the Region of the Americas

Quadrós, Ciro A. de; Izurieta, Héctor S.; Carrasco, Peter; Brana, Monica; Tambini, Gina

doi:10.1086/368032

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This was later replaced by further attenuated MV strains, including Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) (12). These vaccines were shown to be safe and effective, and two-dose regimens combined with high coverage have successfully interrupted endemic MV transmission in large geographic areas (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Live-Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine Targets Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Muscle of Nonhuman Primates

Rennick

Vries

Carsillo

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Although live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccines have been used successfully for over 50 years, the target cells that sustain virus replication in vivo are still unknown. We generated a reverse genetics system for the live-attenuated MV vaccine strain Edmonston-Zagreb ( IMPORTANCE Even though MV strain Edmonston-Zagreb has long been used as a live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) to protect against measles, nothing is known about the primary cells in which the virus replicates in vivo.This is vital information given the push to move toward needle-free routes of vaccination, since vaccine virus replication is essential for vaccination efficacy. We have generated a number of recombinant MV strains expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. The virus that best mimicked the nonrecombinant vaccine virus was formulated according to protocols for production of commercial vaccine virus batches, and was subsequently used to assess viral tropism in nonhuman primates. The virus primarily replicated in professional antigen-presenting cells, which may explain why this LAV is so immunogenic and efficacious.

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confidence: 99%

Live-Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine Targets Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Muscle of Nonhuman Primates

Rennick

Vries

Carsillo

et al. 2015

J Virol

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“…This Edmonston wild-type MV strain was passaged multiple times in primary human kidney and amnion cells and adapted to eggs and chicken embryo fibroblasts to produce the live-attenuated Edmonston-B vaccine virus (15), which was later replaced by the more attenuated MV strains (Edmonston-Zagreb, Moraten, and Schwarz) (34). These vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective, and high coverage in two-dose regimens has successfully interrupted endemic MV transmission in large geographic areas (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In VivoTropism of Attenuated and Pathogenic Measles Virus Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein in Macaques

Vries

Lemon

Ludlow

et al. 2010

J Virol

100

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The global increase in measles vaccination has resulted in a significant reduction of measles mortality. The standard route of administration for the live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine is subcutaneous injection, although alternative needle-free routes, including aerosol delivery, are under investigation. In vitro, attenuated MV has a much wider tropism than clinical isolates, as it can use both CD46 and CD150 as cellular receptors. To compare the in vivo tropism of attenuated and pathogenic MV, we infected cynomolgus macaques with pathogenic or attenuated recombinant MV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) (strains IC323 and Edmonston, respectively) via the intratracheal or aerosol route. Surprisingly, viral loads and cellular tropism in the lungs were similar for the two viruses regardless of the route of administration, and CD11c-positive cells were identified as the major target population. However, only the pathogenic MV caused significant viremia, which resulted in massive virus replication in B and T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and viral dissemination to the skin and the submucosa of respiratory epithelia. Attenuated MV was rarely detected in lymphoid tissues, and when it was, only in isolated infected cells. Following aerosol inhalation, attenuated MV was detected at early time points in the upper respiratory tract, suggesting local virus replication. This contrasts with pathogenic MV, which invaded the upper respiratory tract only after the onset of viremia. This study shows that despite in vitro differences, attenuated and pathogenic MV show highly similar in vivo tropism in the lungs. However, systemic spread of attenuated MV is restricted.Measles virus (MV) is one of the most contagious human viruses and is transmitted via aerosols or by direct contact with contaminated respiratory secretions. Clinical symptoms appear approximately 2 weeks after infection and include fever, rash, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (20). Measles is associated with immunosuppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. While significant progress has been made in global control programs, 164,000 deaths were attributed to measles in 2008 (46).MV was first isolated in cell culture in 1954 (16). This Edmonston wild-type MV strain was passaged multiple times in primary human kidney and amnion cells and adapted to eggs and chicken embryo fibroblasts to produce the live-attenuated Edmonston-B vaccine virus (15), which was later replaced by the more attenuated MV strains (Edmonston-Zagreb, Moraten, and Schwarz) (34). These vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective, and high coverage in two-dose regimens has successfully interrupted endemic MV transmission in large geographic areas (6).For many years, laboratory-adapted MV-Edmonston strains were used as the prototype virus and were shown to display a wide cellular tropism in vitro. The virus efficiently infected epithelial cells, which were considered the target cells for primary MV infection in vivo (22). In 1993,...

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“…The strategy includes an initial mass vaccination campaign (catchup) for all children aged 9 months to 14 years, vaccination of children у12 months old in the routine vaccination services (keep-up), and mass vaccination campaigns every 4 years (follow-up) that target all 1-to 4-year-old children regardless of previous vaccination status [6]. PAHO recommends reaching a 95% coverage in all catch-up, keep-up, and follow-up vaccination activities in every municipality of the countries involved [7,8]. The strategy is complemented by a sensitive surveillance system capable of the timely detection of suspected measles circulation, the confirmation and thorough investigation of all cases, an effective virologic surveillance system, and strong supervision of vaccination activities, including rapid house-to-house monitoring of vaccination coverage [7,8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PAHO recommends reaching a 95% coverage in all catch-up, keep-up, and follow-up vaccination activities in every municipality of the countries involved [7,8]. The strategy is complemented by a sensitive surveillance system capable of the timely detection of suspected measles circulation, the confirmation and thorough investigation of all cases, an effective virologic surveillance system, and strong supervision of vaccination activities, including rapid house-to-house monitoring of vaccination coverage [7,8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%