Interruption of Indigenous Measles Transmission in Bolivia since October 2000

Quiroga, Rosario; Barrezueta, Oswaldo; Venczel, Linda; Halkyer, Percy; Gil, Fernando; Machicao, Eric; Landaverde, Mauricio; Quiñonez, Arturo; Izurieta, Héctor S.

doi:10.1086/368051

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…In the Americas [9-12], there were no reports of preventive mass vaccination campaigns during the acute phase of a humanitarian emergency, but several reports of outbreak response immunization (ORI). An outbreak in Bolivia beginning in 1998 affected the country nationwide.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following year house-to-house campaigns were performed in two departments of the country and in high-risk municipalities. In 2002, a house-to-house campaign was performed nationwide targeting children 6 m to 4 years with a reported 95% coverage and halt in transmission [9]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both appeals are coordinated by OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) with participation from NGOs and UN agencies. Although the CAP/Flash appeal may not have occurred the year of the report, we considered these contexts more vulnerable to measles outbreaks and therefore included reports of measles outbreaks between January 1, 1998 and January 1, 2010 in countries that appealed for aid anytime during this period [9]. We included publications from countries irrespective of their progress in measles control as humanitarian emergencies may occur in any of these contexts and as such, guidance applies irrespective of measles control goals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measles vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a review of recent practice

Grais¹,

Strebel

Mala

et al. 2011

Confl Health

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BackgroundThe health needs of children and adolescents in humanitarian emergencies are critical to the success of relief efforts and reduction in mortality. Measles has been one of the major causes of child deaths in humanitarian emergencies and further contributes to mortality by exacerbating malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. Here, we review measles vaccination activities in humanitarian emergencies as documented in published literature. Our main interest was to review the available evidence focusing on the target age range for mass vaccination campaigns either in response to a humanitarian emergency or in response to an outbreak of measles in a humanitarian context to determine whether the current guidance required revision based on recent experience.MethodsWe searched the published literature for articles published from January 1, 1998 to January 1, 2010 reporting on measles in emergencies. As definitions and concepts of emergencies vary and have changed over time, we chose to consider any context where an application for either a Consolidated Appeals Process or a Flash Appeal to the UN Central Emergency Revolving Fund (CERF) occurred during the period examined. We included publications from countries irrespective of their progress in measles control as humanitarian emergencies may occur in any of these contexts and as such, guidance applies irrespective of measles control goals.ResultsOf the few well-documented epidemic descriptions in humanitarian emergencies, the age range of cases is not limited to under 5 year olds. Combining all data, both from preventive and outbreak response interventions, about 59% of cases in reports with sufficient data reviewed here remain in children under 5, 18% in 5-15 and 2% above 15 years. In instances where interventions targeted a reduced age range, several reports concluded that the age range should have been extended to 15 years, given that a significant proportion of cases occurred beyond 5 years of age.ConclusionsMeasles outbreaks continue to occur in humanitarian emergencies due to low levels of pre-existing population immunity. According to available published information, cases continue to occur in children over age 5. Preventing cases in older age groups may prevent younger children from becoming infected and reduce mortality in both younger and older age groups.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measles vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a review of recent practice

Grais¹,

Strebel

Mala

et al. 2011

Confl Health

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“…With regard to population density, three studies reported high numbers of persons per household (Garenne & Aaby, 1990;Hales et al, 2016;Marin et al, 2006). Several studies highlighted crowding at public events such as football competitions (Lemos & Franco, 2017), university environments (Jin et al, 2011;Rathi et al, 2017), hospital units (Zhang et al, 2015), large cities (Goodson et al, 2010;Quiroga et al, 2003) and work environments (Ma et al, 2017).…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study established a contact list and followed-up everyone sharing a home or enclosed space with the case (Sarmiento et al, 2011), another obtained a list of exposed pupils from the school register (Cisse et al, 1999), and a third used the picture of a measles case to search for contacts within the community (Lemos & Franco, 2017). CT was implemented alongside mass communication strategies (Lemos & Franco, 2017; Ma Rathi et al, 2017), and vaccinators to search for cases (Quiroga et al, 2003).…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles outbreak investigation process in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the methods and costs of contact tracing

Mbivnjo

Lynch

Huws

2021

J Public Health (Berl.)

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Aim The occurrence of measles outbreaks has increased, and previously measles-free countries are experiencing a resurgence, making measles elimination by 2020 unlikely. Therefore, outbreak prevention and rapid response strategies will need to be intensified. This systematic review therefore examines whether contact tracing (CT) as compared to no CT is an effective means of reducing measles spread during outbreaks in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Subject and methods A systematic review was conducted by searching six databases (CINAHL, Global Health, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and PubMed). The 17 included articles were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists and analysed using a narrative synthesis. Results CT is often used alongside mass communication strategies and hospital record checks. Interviewing measles cases to identify contacts, and considering everyone who has shared a space with a case as a contact are common CT methods. Also, CT can be done backwards and/or forwards with the measles case as the focal point of the investigation process. The cost per case of an outbreak response dominated by CT is high especially in terms of labour for the health sector and productivity losses for households. However, overall outbreak expenditure can be low if CT results in fewer and less severe measles cases and a short outbreak duration. Conclusion CT data as a standalone and comparative active surveillance approach in LMICs is scarce. If CT is initiated early, it can prevent large outbreaks, thereby reducing the economic burden of measles and drive LMICs towards measles elimination.

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Measles and Rubella in the Americas: The Path to Elimination

Siqueira

Brown

2017

Human Virology in Latin America

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Interruption of Indigenous Measles Transmission in Bolivia since October 2000

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Measles vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a review of recent practice

Measles vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a review of recent practice

Measles outbreak investigation process in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the methods and costs of contact tracing

Measles and Rubella in the Americas: The Path to Elimination

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