Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis, January 2016–June 2017

Hopkins, Donald R.; Ruiz‐Tiben, Ernesto; Eberhard, Mark L.; Roy, Sharon L.; Weiss, Adam

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6648a3

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…That dogs could be serving as “maintenance hosts” [ 58 ] within the Chadian context appears highly likely. In addition to lack of genetic isolation of parasites among host species, the sheer prevalence of infection in dogs relative to humans [ 3 , 59 ] would suggest that the dog population is capable of sustaining transmission in the absence of human infections. Additionally, despite the rarity of reported human cases, genetic patterns suggest that individual dogs and/or dogs from the same village are encountering larvae from multiple uncontained infections within their environment during a single transmission season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We cannot entirely discount the possible role of unreported and uncontained cases within the human population in this situation. However, the dramatically increased surveillance efforts since 2011 [ 3 , 4 ] and considerable monetary reward for reports leading to a contained case (approximately 100USD) would suggest that unreported human cases are likely rare. Therefore, undetected human cases, alone, would have insufficient force of infection to maintain the size and local genetic diversity of the parasite population within dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particular attention is also being given to the recent occurrence of apparent Guinea worm infection in non-human hosts. Domestic dogs have been the most commonly encountered non-human host by a significant margin, but domestic cats (in Chad) and olive baboons (in Ethiopia) have also been found with emerging adult worms [ 3 ]. The incidence of dog infection has been most acute in Chad, with more than 500 infections reported annually since 2016 [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population genetic analysis of Chadian Guinea worms reveals that human and non-human hosts share common parasite populations

et al. 2018

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Following almost 10 years of no reported cases, Guinea worm disease (GWD or dracunculiasis) reemerged in Chad in 2010 with peculiar epidemiological patterns and unprecedented prevalence of infection among non-human hosts, particularly domestic dogs. Since 2014, animal infections with Guinea worms have also been observed in the other three countries with endemic transmission (Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan), causing concern and generating interest in the parasites’ true taxonomic identity and population genetics. We present the first extensive population genetic data for Guinea worm, investigating mitochondrial and microsatellite variation in adult female worms from both human and non-human hosts in the four endemic countries to elucidate the origins of Chad’s current outbreak and possible host-specific differences between parasites. Genetic diversity of Chadian Guinea worms was considerably higher than that of the other three countries, even after controlling for sample size through rarefaction, and demographic analyses are consistent with a large, stable parasite population. Genealogical analyses eliminate the other three countries as possible sources of parasite reintroduction into Chad, and sequence divergence and distribution of genetic variation provide no evidence that parasites in human and non-human hosts are separate species or maintain isolated transmission cycles. Both among and within countries, geographic origin appears to have more influence on parasite population structure than host species. Guinea worm infection in non-human hosts has been occasionally reported throughout the history of the disease, particularly when elimination programs appear to be reaching their end goals. However, no previous reports have evaluated molecular support of the parasite species identity. Our data confirm that Guinea worms collected from non-human hosts in the remaining endemic countries of Africa are Dracunculus medinensis and that the same population of worms infects both humans and dogs in Chad. Our genetic data and the epidemiological evidence suggest that transmission in the Chadian context is currently being maintained by canine hosts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population genetic analysis of Chadian Guinea worms reveals that human and non-human hosts share common parasite populations

et al. 2018

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“…For example, dracunculiasis has declined from an estimated 3∙5 million cases in 1986 to just 25 human cases in 2016 (Hopkins et al . ). However, rabies has stubbornly proven to be difficult to eliminate in many countries.…”

Section: Educationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Development of non‐governmental organisation‐academic partnership to tackle rabies in Africa and Asia

Gamble¹,

Gibson

Mazeri

et al. 2018

J of Small Animal Practice

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Rabies kills approximately 60,000 people each year, mainly in sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia, of which 40% of victims are less than 15 years old. Once clinical signs develop, the disease is almost invariably fatal. Globally, rabies has been estimated to cause 3∙7 million disability‐adjusted life years and $8∙6B in economic losses annually. The vast majority of human rabies cases are caused by bites from rabies‐infected dogs. Despite this loss of human life and resultant economic and societal costs, rabies can be prevented in both humans and dogs by vaccination. This has been demonstrated in many countries, notably in Central and South America, where large‐scale, high coverage mass dog vaccination programmes have dramatically reduced the incidence of rabies. Even in parts of Africa and Asia, projects have shown that rabies can be eliminated locally. Nevertheless, rabies remains an important cause of mortality in many sub‐Saharan and Asian countries. The reasons why some countries have been able to effectively eliminate rabies whereas others have not are complex and often impossible to definitively identify; commonly cited explanations include political, economic, logistical and societal barriers.

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“… 12 In association with The Carter Center, the Collaborating Center at the CDC continues to issue the newsletter of the global campaign, Guinea Worm Wrap-Up , almost monthly. Summaries of the status of the campaign are published annually in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 13 and in WHO’s Weekly Epidemiological Record . 14…”

Section: Current Status Of the Campaignmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dracunculiasis Eradication: Are We There Yet?

Hopkins

Ruiz‐Tiben

Eberhard

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.This report summarizes the status of the global Dracunculiasis Eradication Program as of the end of 2017. Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease) has been eliminated from 19 of 21 countries where it was endemic in 1986, when an estimated 3.5 million cases occurred worldwide. Only Chad and Ethiopia reported cases in humans, 15 each, in 2017. Infections of animals, mostly domestic dogs, with Dracunculus medinensis were reported in those two countries and also in Mali. Insecurity and infections in animals are the two main obstacles remaining to interrupting dracunculiasis transmission completely.

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Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis, January 2016–June 2017

Cited by 20 publications

References 7 publications

Population genetic analysis of Chadian Guinea worms reveals that human and non-human hosts share common parasite populations

Population genetic analysis of Chadian Guinea worms reveals that human and non-human hosts share common parasite populations

Development of non‐governmental organisation‐academic partnership to tackle rabies in Africa and Asia

Dracunculiasis Eradication: Are We There Yet?

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