Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter

Abstract

The dual-readout calorimeter is a new designed equipment to detect high-energy particles. It can collect the Cherenkov light and scintillation light at the same time, thus scientists can understand the particles comprehensively in the field of high-energy physics. Three types of dual-readout calorimeters have been designed so far: (1) Quartz fibers as Cherenkov emitter and plastic fibers as scintillator; (2) Undoped and doped scintillation crystals act as Cherenkov and scintillator respectively; (3) Scintillation crystal act as Cherenkov as well as scintillator. The last attracted much attention because it can avoid sampling fluctuations and enhance energy resolution of calorimeters. The progress on the scintillation crystals, including lead tungstate (PbWO<inf>4</inf>), bismuth germinate (Bi<inf>4</inf>Ge<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf>), bismuth silicate (Bi<inf>4</inf>Si<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf>) and lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu<inf>3</inf>Al<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf>), were presented for the application of dual-readout calorimeter. Pr: PWO crystal and Bi<inf>4</inf>Si<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf> crystal have potential application in dual-readout calorimeter. It&rsquo;s easy to separate the Cherenkov and scintillation light for Bi<inf>4</inf>Si<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf> crystal because the short-wavelength cut-off of Bi4Si3O12 crystal is small in comparison with Bi<inf>4</inf>Ge<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf> crystal. Bi<inf>4</inf>Si<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf> crystal shows more advantages and its properties can be further optimized by doping rare earth ions

Growth and Spectral Properties of Er3+ and Yb3+ Co-Doped Bismuth Silicate Single Crystal

“…where λ is the wavelength, I(λ) is the emission intensity at λ wavelength, c is the speed of light, n is the refractive index of the crystal (BSO crystal, n = 2.06 [13]), and τ f is the fluorescence lifetime of the emission energy level. After the fitting calculation of Equation ( 3), the functional relationship between the emission cross section and the wavelength can be obtained, as shown in Figure 7.…”

“…BSO crystal belongs to the cubic crystal system with the space group Td − I43d and the lattice parameters a = 10.2867(5) Å, V = 1088.5 Å 3 , Z = 4 [12]. Due to its high hardness, short decay time, and low cost, it has become a new scintillation crystal of great interest for applications in nuclear physics; high-energy physics; and, especially, the dual-readout calorimeter [13]. BSO crystals have the advantages of stable chemical properties, good mechanical properties, a low thermal expansion coefficient, and good optical properties.…”

Growth, optical and scintillation properties of Gd3+ doped Bi4Si3O12 single crystals

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Bi 4 Si 3 O 12 (BSO) crystal has high hardness, short decay time, the advantages of low cost, good mechanical properties, stable chemical properties and good photoelectric performance that is a kind of new excellent scintillation material. 11,12) Compared with the same structure of famous scintillator Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) crystal, the decay time of BSO crystal is about a third of BGO crystal and has better ability to resist radiation. BSO and BGO crystals are characterized by high density (6.80 g cm −3 and 7.13 g cm −3 , respectively), short radiation length (1.15 cm and 1.12 cm, respectively), and high effective atomic number, which are considered as high quality scintillating crystals.…”

“…BSO and BGO crystals are characterized by high density (6.80 g cm −3 and 7.13 g cm −3 , respectively), short radiation length (1.15 cm and 1.12 cm, respectively), and high effective atomic number, which are considered as high quality scintillating crystals. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] It is considered one of the best candidate crystals for dual-readout calorimeters and homogeneous hadron calorimeter with its ability of better separating the Cherenkov and scintillation light and collecting Cherenkov light signal effectively because of the short ultraviolet absorption edge for BSO crystal. Especially its low price advantage of BSO crystal for the applications in future large high energy lepton colliders about one hundred cubic meters has be unmatched for other crystals.…”

“…Especially its low price advantage of BSO crystal for the applications in future large high energy lepton colliders about one hundred cubic meters has be unmatched for other crystals. 12,18,19) One of the important factors limiting its application of BSO crystal is the low light output, which is only about a fifth of that of a BGO crystal. So BSO crystal will be widely used to replace the expensive BGO crystal if the light output can be improved.…”